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VUTAMINS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| MINERALS | Inorganic elements essential for animal nutrition, found in ash content of feeds. |
| Sources of minerals | Feeds, mineral supplements, drinking water, and soil. |
| Functions of minerals | Tissue formation, regulation of body functions, acid-base balance, nerve excitability, accessory functions, and membrane function. |
| Example of mineral tissue constituent | Bones, teeth, muscles, organs. |
| Example of mineral regulator | Cu for cytochrome oxidase, I for thyroid hormones, Co for Vitamin B12. |
| Acid-base balance | Maintained by mineral ions. |
| Cell membrane mineral function | Na⁺/K⁺ pump. |
| Macrominerals | Needed in large amounts (Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, Mg, S). |
| Microminerals | Needed in small amounts (Fe, Cu, Co, I, Mo, F, Mn, Zn, Se). |
| Calcium deficiency | Rickets, osteoporosis, milk fever. |
| Phosphorus deficiency | Pica, poor growth, infertility. |
| Magnesium deficiency | Grass tetany (hypomagnesemia). |
| Zinc deficiency | Parakeratosis in swine. |
| Manganese deficiency | Perosis, skeletal defects. |
| Cobalt deficiency | Unthriftiness, emaciation in ruminants. |
| Iron deficiency | Anemia, thumps (labored breathing). |
| Copper deficiency | Enzootic ataxia, anemia. |
| Iodine deficiency | Goiter, alopecia. |
| Selenium deficiency | Muscular dystrophy (same as Vitamin E). |
| Molybdenum deficiency | Poor growth in lambs. |
| VITAMINS | Organic compounds essential in small amounts for growth, metabolism, and health; deficiency causes specific diseases. |
| Fat-soluble vitamins | A, D, E, K – stored in liver, excreted via feces, may be toxic. |
| Water-soluble vitamins | B-complex and C – no storage, excreted in urine, non-toxic. |
| Vitamin A (Retinol) | For vision, growth, reproduction; deficiency causes night blindness, rough coat, keratitis. |
| Vitamin D (Calciferol) | For bone formation; deficiency causes rickets and poor eggshells. |
| Vitamin E (Tocopherol) | Antioxidant, fertility; deficiency causes muscular dystrophy, “crazy chick” disease. |
| Vitamin K (Menadione) | For blood clotting; deficiency causes hemorrhages. |
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) | Deficiency causes polyneuritis in birds. |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | Deficiency causes curled toe paralysis. |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | Deficiency causes black tongue in chicks, dermatitis in pigs. |
| Vitamin B4 (Choline) | Deficiency causes perosis (slipped tendon). |
| Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) | Deficiency causes “goose-stepping” in pigs. |
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) | Deficiency causes dermatitis, alopecia, convulsions. |
| Vitamin B7 (Biotin) | Deficiency causes severe dermatitis. |
| Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) | Deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia. |
| Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) | Deficiency causes pernicious anemia. |
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) | Deficiency causes scurvy and low immunity. |
| WATER | Essential nutrient composing 70–90% of body tissues; vital for survival. |
| Water consumption ratio | Animals drink 3–8× more water than dry matter. |
| Survival without water | Animals can live 5–6 days without water. |
| Functions of water | Solvent, transport, structural support, temperature regulation, lubrication, metabolism, milk production, hearing, and vision. |
| Sources of water | Ingested (feed, drinking) and metabolic water. |
| Metabolic water yield | Glucose 55.5%, protein 41.5%, fat >100%. |
| Beef cow water requirement | 60 L/day. |
| Dairy cow water requirement | 90 L/day. |
| Horse water requirement | 40 L/day (medium work). |
| Swine water requirement | 8 L/day (60–100 kg). |
| Poultry water requirement | 0.5 L/day. |
| Sheep water requirement | 6 L/day (lactating). |
| Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) | Antioxidant, supports heart and mitochondria. |
| L-Carnitine | Involved in fat metabolism and energy production. |
| Trimethylglycine (TMG) | Aids amino acid metabolism, reduces homocysteine. |
| Inositol | Lowers cholesterol, protects liver, strengthens cell membranes. |
| Glutathione | Antioxidant, immune support, detoxification. |
| Flavonoids/Isoflavones | Prevent osteoporosis, antioxidants, anti-aging. |
| Quercetin | Reduces heart disease risk, anti-inflammatory. |
| Eleuteroside (Ginsenosides) | Boosts energy and stress resistance. |
| Echinacea | Boosts immunity, fights infections. |
| Alpha-lipoic acid | Antioxidant, regulates blood sugar, reduces fatigue. |
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