What homeostasis and what 3 components regulate it?

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal environment stable. The 3 components are: receptor (senses change), control center (sets the range; sends commands), effector (does the response to restore balance).

Negative vs. positive feedback—what’s the difference and an example of each?

Negative reverses a change (e.g., body temp control, blood glucose). Positive amplifies a change to a finish (e.g., oxytocin during childbirth, blood clotting cascade).

Name the 4 major biomolecules and a key function of each.

Carbohydrates: quick energy; Lipids: membranes/long-term energy/hormones; Proteins: structure & enzymes; Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA): genetic info & protein synthesis.

What are the 4 primary tissue types and hallmarks?

Epithelial (covers/lines; avascular; polarity), Connective (cells + extracellular matrix), Muscle (contracts: skeletal, cardiac, smooth), Nervous (excitable; neurons + glia).

Which bone cells do what, and what is bone matrix made of?

Osteoblasts build, osteocytes maintain, osteoclasts resorb. Matrix = collagen fibers (tensile strength) + hydroxyapatite minerals (compressive strength).

Compact vs. spongy bone and two ossification types?

Compact: osteons; strong shafts. Spongy: trabeculae; light, houses red marrow. Intramembranous (flat skull bones, clavicle) vs. Endochondral (hyaline cartilage model → most bones).

What bones are in the axial skeleton and its main functions?

Skull, vertebral column (C7, T12, L5, sacrum, coccyx), thoracic cage. Functions: protect brain/spinal cord/thoracic organs; support posture; attach muscles.

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

Pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula) + upper limb bones; pelvic girdle (hip bones/ossa coxae) + lower limb bones. Function: movement, leverage, locomotion; pelvis also supports/ protects pelvic organs.

Outline excitation–contraction coupling and sliding filament theory.

Motor neuron → ACh → sarcolemma AP → T-tubules → SR releases Ca²⁺. Ca²⁺ binds troponin, moves tropomyosin, myosin binds actin → power strokes (ATP-dependent) shorten sarcomere. Ca²⁺ reuptake ends contraction.

Name joint classes and key synovial features.

Structural fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial, Functional: synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diathrosis, Synovial joints have capsule, cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage types include hinge, Ball and socket, pivot, plane, condyloid, and saddle.

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Physiology #1 Review

Question	Answer
What homeostasis and what 3 components regulate it?	Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal environment stable. The 3 components are: receptor (senses change), control center (sets the range; sends commands), effector (does the response to restore balance).
Negative vs. positive feedback—what’s the difference and an example of each?	Negative reverses a change (e.g., body temp control, blood glucose). Positive amplifies a change to a finish (e.g., oxytocin during childbirth, blood clotting cascade).
Name the 4 major biomolecules and a key function of each.	Carbohydrates: quick energy; Lipids: membranes/long-term energy/hormones; Proteins: structure & enzymes; Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA): genetic info & protein synthesis.
What are the 4 primary tissue types and hallmarks?	Epithelial (covers/lines; avascular; polarity), Connective (cells + extracellular matrix), Muscle (contracts: skeletal, cardiac, smooth), Nervous (excitable; neurons + glia).
Which bone cells do what, and what is bone matrix made of?	Osteoblasts build, osteocytes maintain, osteoclasts resorb. Matrix = collagen fibers (tensile strength) + hydroxyapatite minerals (compressive strength).
Compact vs. spongy bone and two ossification types?	Compact: osteons; strong shafts. Spongy: trabeculae; light, houses red marrow. Intramembranous (flat skull bones, clavicle) vs. Endochondral (hyaline cartilage model → most bones).
What bones are in the axial skeleton and its main functions?	Skull, vertebral column (C7, T12, L5, sacrum, coccyx), thoracic cage. Functions: protect brain/spinal cord/thoracic organs; support posture; attach muscles.
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?	Pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula) + upper limb bones; pelvic girdle (hip bones/ossa coxae) + lower limb bones. Function: movement, leverage, locomotion; pelvis also supports/ protects pelvic organs.
Outline excitation–contraction coupling and sliding filament theory.	Motor neuron → ACh → sarcolemma AP → T-tubules → SR releases Ca²⁺. Ca²⁺ binds troponin, moves tropomyosin, myosin binds actin → power strokes (ATP-dependent) shorten sarcomere. Ca²⁺ reuptake ends contraction.
Name joint classes and key synovial features.	Structural fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial, Functional: synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diathrosis, Synovial joints have capsule, cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage types include hinge, Ball and socket, pivot, plane, condyloid, and saddle.

Created by: Lmc0096

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