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Brianda Cardenas
SCI221 Physiology Week 1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The body naturally changes some set points to different values at different times of the day. These daily cyles are called | circadian cycles. |
| Local control or _____, intrinsic mechanisms often make use of chemical signals. | autoregulation |
| The impact of effector activity on sensors may be positive or negative. Therefore, homeostatic control mechanisms are categorized as | organs that are directly influenced by physiological variables or mechanisms. |
| Events that lead to an immune response to an infection or the formation of a blood clot are examples of | positive feedback. |
| Which level of control operates at the cell level, often using genes and enzymes to regulate cell function? | intracellular regulation |
| Processes for maintaining or restoring homeostasis are known as | homeostatic control mechanisms. |
| The concept that information may flow ahead to another process to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow is called | feed-forward. |
| Effectors can be described as | organs that directly influence controlled physiological variables. |
| The normal reading or range is called the | set point. |
| The relatively constant state maintained by the body is known as | homeostasis. |
| What term describes a signal traveling toward a particular center or point of reference? | afferent |
| To accomplish self-regulation, a highly complex and integrated communication control system or network is required. This type of network is called a(n) | feedback control loop. |
| The contraction of the uterus during the birth of a baby is an example of _____ feedback. | The contraction of the uterus during the birth of a baby is an example of _____ feedback. |
| Positive-feedback control systems: | accelerate a change. |
| Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called | Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called |
| The body’s thermostat is located in the: | hypothalamus. |
| Intrinsic control: | is sometimes called autoregulation. |
| The term that literally means self-immunity is: | autoimmunity |
| Negative-feedback control systems: | oppose a change. |
| Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? Circulatory Endocrine Lymphatic Reproductive | Reproductive |
| Pathogenesis can be defined as: | the course of disease development. |
| Any large molecule made up of many identical small molecules is called a(n) | polymer. |
| A very large molecule composed of subunits of sugar, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate bond is a | nucleic acid. |
| The lipid that is often referred to as a tissue hormone is | prostaglandin. |
| All proteins have which four elements? | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| The most important monosaccharide is | glucose. |
| In base pairing of DNA molecules, _____ is bound to _____. | adenine; thymine |
| What determines how a protein performs? | shape |
| The carbon-containing molecules formed by living things are often called | organic molecules. |
| DNA and RNA are important because | information molecules. |
| Which term means “water loving” and applies to the phospholipid head? | hydrophilic |
| ATP | is the form of energy that cells generally use. |
| Proteins are polymers of | Proteins are polymers of |
| Which of the following is polymer of glucose that is sometimes referred to as animal starch? | Glycogen |
| The type of lipoprotein associated with “bad” cholesterol and the production of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels is: | LDL. |
| The types of lipids found that form hormones, such as cortisone, estrogen, and testosterone are: | steroids |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | dehydration synthesis. |
| The element that is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates is: | nitrogen. |
| DNA: | is a double-helix strand of nucleotides. |
| Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called: | essential amino acids. |
| The roles played by proteins can be divided into which categories? | Structural and functional |
| If one side of a DNA molecule is CTAGGCTG, the other side would be: | GATCCGAC |
| Which level of protein structure refers to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids? | Primary |
| Amino acids frequently become joined by: | peptide bonds. |
| The basic building blocks of fats are: | fatty acids and glycerol. |
| The total number of 46 chromosomes per cell is referred to as _________ number. | diploid |
| Replication of DNA occurs in which phase of interphase? | S phase |
| The two processes of protein synthesis are | The two processes of protein synthesis are |
| Normal mitosis results in | cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell |
| RNA makes proteins by | translation. |
| Transcription can best be described as the | synthesis of mRNA. |
| Meiotic division occurs in | primitive sex cells. |
| Glycolysis occurs in what part of the cell? | cytoplasm |
| The result of meiosis is | four daughter cells that are haploid. |
| The hair follicle is found in the: | dermis. |
| Connective tissue forms from stem cell tissue called: | mesenchyme. |
| Which cells help destroy pathogens and damaged tissue in the brain? | Microglia |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of muscle tissue? | Cells are separated by a large quantity of extracellular matrix |
| What is are the two types/functions of bone marrow? | Red & yellow – produces red blood cells and stores energy as fat. |
| The external portion of the bone is known as | Cortical bone |
| Bones grow due to activity in the | Epiphyseal plates |
| The primary ossification center of a long bone is located | in the diaphysis. |
| In bone formation, the cells that produce the organic matrix are the: | osteoblasts |
| Bones grow in diameter by the combined action of which two of the three bone cell types? | osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are: | endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. |
| If there is an injury to the occipital bone you may expect that which sense is damaged? | vision |
| Synarthrotic joints are | immovable. |
| The four kinds of protein that make up myofilaments are myosin, actin, | tropomyosin, and troponin. |
| The shoulder joint is an example of a _____ joint. | The shoulder joint is an example of all of these. |
| Which structure allows the electrical signals to travel along the sarcolemma and move deeper into the cell? | transverse tubule |
| Joints joined by fibrocartilage are called | symphyses. |
| Three phases of the twitch contraction are the | latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase. |
| The contractile unit of a muscle cell is the | sarcomere. |
| Muscle tone is maintained by | negative feedback mechanisms |
| negative feedback mechanisms | lactate . |
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