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Medical Terminology
Midterm review on chapters 1-8 of text book
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Word root | foundation of a medical word; contains its primary meaning |
| Combining form | word root combined with a combining vowel |
| Combining Vowel | usually an o, but sometimes an i |
| Suffix | word element placed at the end of the word to alter its meaning |
| Prefix | word element placed at the beginning of a word or word root |
| -centesis | surgical puncture |
| -clasis | to break, surgical fracture |
| -desis | binding, fixation(of bone or joint) |
| -ectomy | excision, removal |
| -lysis | separation, destruction, loosening |
| -pexy | fixation(of organ) |
| -plasty | surgical repair |
| -rrhaphy | suture |
| -stomy | forming an opening |
| -tome | instrument to cut |
| -tomy | incision |
| -tripsy | crushing |
| -gram | record, writing |
| -graph | instrument of recording |
| -graphy | process of recording |
| -scope | an instrument for examining |
| -scopy | visual examination |
| -algia | pain |
| -dynia | pain |
| -cele | hernia, swelling |
| -ectasis | dilation, expansion |
| -emisis | vomiting |
| -emis | blood condition |
| -gen/-genesis | forming, producing, origin |
| -itis | inflammation |
| -malacia | softening |
| -megaly | enlargement |
| -oma | tumor |
| -osis | abnormal condition |
| -pathy | disease |
| -penia | decrease, deficiency |
| -phobia | fear |
| -plegia | paralysis |
| -ptosis | downward displacement, prolapsed |
| -rrhea | flow, discharge |
| -rrhexis | rupture |
| -sclerosis | hardening |
| -spasm | involuntary contraction, twitching |
| -stenosis | narrowing, stricture |
| -toxic | poison |
| -ac, -al, -ar, -ary, -eal, -ic, -ior, -ous, -tic | pertaining to |
| -ia, -ism | condition |
| -iatry, -ist | medicine, treatment |
| -y | condition, process |
| -ole, -ule | small, minute |
| Hypo- | under, below, deficient |
| Infra- | under, below |
| Sub- | under, below |
| Inter- | between |
| Retro- | backward, behind |
| Bi- | two |
| Dipl(o)- | double |
| Hemi- | one-half |
| Hyper- | excessive, above normal |
| Macro- | large |
| Micro- | small |
| Mono- | one |
| Uni- | one |
| Multi- | many, much |
| Poly- | many, much |
| Quadri- | four |
| Tri- | three |
| Ab- | from, away from |
| Ad- | toward |
| Circum- | around |
| Peri- | around |
| Dia- | through, across |
| Trans- | through, across |
| Ecto-, exo-, extra- | outside, outward |
| Para- | near, beside, beyond |
| Super- | upper, above |
| Supra- | above, excessive, superior |
| Ultra- | excess, beyond |
| A-, an- | without, not |
| Anti-, contra- | against |
| Auto- | self, own |
| Brady- | slow |
| Dys- | bad, painful, difficult |
| Eu- | good, normal |
| Hetero- | different |
| Homo-, homeo- | same |
| Tachy- | rapid |
| Chromatin | structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins |
| Chromosome | threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) that carry hereditary information encoded in genes |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid(DNA) | Molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides |
| Metabolism | sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism |
| Organelle | cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes |
| Parietal | pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity |
| Visceral | pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially in the abdominal cavity |
| Inversion | turning inward or inside out |
| Eversion | turning outward |
| cyt/o | cell |
| hist/o | tissue |
| kary/o, nucle/o | nucleus |
| anter/o | anterior, front |
| caud/o | tail |
| cephal/o | head |
| dist/o | far, farthest |
| dors/o | back(of body) |
| infer/o | lower, below |
| later/o | side, to one side |
| medi/o | middle |
| poster/o | back(of body), behind, posterior |
| proxim/o | near, nearest |
| ventr/o | belly, belly side |
| albin/o, leuk/o | white |
| chrom/o | color |
| cirrh/o, jaund/o, xanth/o | yellow |
| cyan/o | blue |
| erythr/o | red |
| melan/o | black |
| poli/o | gray, gray matter(of brain and spinal cord) |
| radi/o | radiation, x-ray, radius (lower arm bone, thumb side) |
| tom/o | to cut |
| viscer/o | internal organs |
| Adhesion | abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated |
| Edema | abnormal accumulation of fluid within the tissue spaces, swelling |
| Febrile | having/showing symptoms of fever |
| Gangrene | death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction or infection |
| myc/o | fungus |
| Perforation | hole that completely penetrates a structure |
| periton/o | peritoneum |
| Specticemia | severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood, sepsis |
| Suppuration | forming pus |
| Blood chemistry analysis | laboratory test to determine biochemical imbalances |
| Complete blood count (CBC) | broad screening test used to evaluate red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to determine anemias, infections, etc. |
| CT | Imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be evaluated and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles |
| flour/o | luminous, fluorescent |
| MRI | uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce highly detailed views of soft tissues |
| Nuclear scan | tracer is introduced to the body, and a specialised camera produces images of organs and structures |
| PET | records the positrons emitted from radioactive material to produce a cross-sectional image of the metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease |
| son/o | sound |
| Ablation | removal of a body part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency |
| Anastomosis | surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another |
| Curettage | scraping of a body cavity |
| Cauter | heat, burn |
| electr/o | electricity |
| -ization | process(of) |
| Incision and drainage | incision made to allow the free flow of fluids and pus from a wound, abscess, or body cavity |
| Revision | surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery |
| AP | Anteroposterior |
| Bx | biopsy |
| CBC | computed blood count |
| CT | computed tomography |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| Dx | diagnosis |
| I&D | incision and drainage |
| LAT | lateral |
| SPECT | single-photon emission computed tomography |
| PET | positron emission tomography |
| RF | rheumatoid factor, radio frequency |
| Sx | symptoms |
| Tx | treatment |
| U/L | upper and lower |
| US | ultrasound, ultrasonography |
| Androgen | generic term for an agent that stimulates development of male characteristics |
| Ductule | very small duct |
| Homeostasis | state of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body despite changes in the external environment |
| Synthesize | forming a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds or elements |
| adip/o, lip/o, steat/o | fat |
| cutane/o, dermat/o, derm/o | skin |
| hidr/o, sudor/o | sweat |
| ichthy/o | dry, scaly |
| kerat/o | horny tissue, hard, cornea |
| onych/o, ungu/o | nail |
| pil/o, trich/o | hair |
| seb/o | sebum, sebaceous |
| xen/o | foreign, strange |
| xer/o | dry |
| Abscess | localized collection of pus at the site of an infection |
| Bowen disease | very early form of skin cancer, which is easily curable and characterized by a red, scaly patch on the skin |
| Cellulitis | diffuse, acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue |
| Chloasma | pigmentary skin discoloration usually occurring in yellowish-brown patches or spots |
| Ecchymosis | skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from bluish black to greenish brown or yellow (bruise) |
| Eschar | dead matter that is sloughed off from the surface of the skin, especially after a burn |
| Lentigo | small brown macules, especially on the face and arms, brought on by sun exposure, usually in a middle-aged or older person |
| Pallor | unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin |
| pedocul/o | lice |
| Petechia | minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin |
| Pruritus | intense itching |
| Purpura | any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses or petechiae |
| Tinea | fungal skin infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected(ringworm) |
| Verruca | epidermal growth caused by a virus(warts) |
| Culture and Sensitivity(C&S) | test to determine the presence of pathogens in patients with suspected wound infections and identify the appropriate drug therapy to which the organism responds |
| Mohs | Procedure that involves progressive removal and examination of layers of cancer-containing skin until only cancer-free tissue remains |
| Debridement | removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents |
| Dermabrasion | rubbing using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away the epidermis |
| Fulguration | tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current |
| PDT | procedure in which cells selectively treated with an agent called a photosensitizer are exposed to light to produce a reaction that destroys the cells. |
| Bilirubin | orange-yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells and eventually excreted in the feces |
| Bolus | mass of masticated food ready for swallowing |
| Exocrine | type of gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel |
| Sphincter | circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body |
| Triglycerides | Organic compound, a true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids |
| or/o, stomat/o | mouth |
| gloss/o, lingu/o | tongue |
| bucc/o | cheek |
| cheilo/o, labi/o | lip |
| dent/o, odont/o | teeth |
| gingiv/o | gums |
| sial/o | saliva, salivary gland |
| pylor/o | pylorus |
| col/o, colon/o | colon |
| proct/o | anus, rectum |
| cholangi/o | bile vessel |
| chol/e | bile, gall |
| cholecyst/o | gallbladder |
| choledoch/o | bile duct |
| -orexia | appetite |
| -pepsia | digestion |
| -phagia | swallowing, eating |
| -prandial | meal |
| Ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, usually as a result of chronic liver disease, a neoplasm, or inflammatory disorder in abdomen |
| Borborygmus | rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine |
| Cachexia | physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass and is commonly associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and cancer(wasting syndrome) |
| Lith | stone, calculus |
| -iasis | abnormal condition |
| Cirrhosis | scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease |
| Crohn disease | form of inflammatory bowel disease, usually of the ileum but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract(regional enteritis) |
| Dysentery | inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites, and results in bloody diarrhea |
| GERD | backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus as a result of a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus |
| Halitosis | foul-smelling breath |
| Hemat | blood |
| Hemorrhoids | swollen varicose veins in the anorectal region categorized as external or internal |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome(IBS) | symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function for which no organic cause can be determined |
| Obstipation | Severe constipation can cause intestinal obstruction |
| -plakia | plaque |
| Sten | narrowing, stricture |
| cyst/o | bladder |
| Polyp | small growth |
| nas/o, rhin/o | nose |
| sept/o | septum |
| anthrac/o | coal, coal dust |
| atel/o | incomplete, imperfect |
| coni/o | dust |
| orth/o | straight |
| pertor/o, steth/o, thorac/o | chest |
| phren/o | diaphragm, mind |
| spir/o | breathe |
| -capnia | Carbon dioxide |
| -osmia | smell |
| -phonia | voice |
| -ptysis | spitting |
| Coryza | acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose (Rhinitis) |
| -staxis | hemorrhage |
| -isy | state of, condition |
| Embol | plug |
| SIDS | completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant |
| Tubercul | little swelling |
| Tuberculosis | potentially fatal contagious disease spread through respiratory droplets, affecting any organ of the body but primarily the lungs and causing chest pain, hemoptysis, weight loss, fatigue, and night sweats |
| Mantoux | TB screening test in which an injection of tuberculin purified protein derivative is placed just beneath the surface of the skin to identify a previous exposure to tuberculosis |
| somn/o | sleep |
| Ventilation-perfusion scan(V-Q) | nuclear test scan that evaluates airflow and blood flow in the lungs for evidence of a blood clot in the lungs |
| Antral lavage | Washing or irrigating of the paranasal sinuses to remove mucopurulent material in an immunosuppressed patient or one with known sinusitis that has failed to respond to medical management |
| Leaflets | flat, leaf-shaped structures that comprise the valves of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood |
| Lumen | tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body, space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube |
| Viscosity | thickness or a measure of how resistant a liquid is to flowing |
| angi/o, cascul/o | vessel(usually blood or lymph) |
| athr/o | fatty plaque |
| hemangi/o | blood vessel |
| my/o | muscle |
| phleb/o, ven/o | vein |
| sphygm/o | pulse |
| sten/o | narrowing, stricture |
| thromb/o | blood clot |
| -cardia | heart condition |
| Angina | chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to the myocardium |
| Bruit | soft, blowing sound heard on auscultations and associated valvular actions, the movement of blood as it passed an obstruction, or both(murmur) |
| Coarctation | narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta |
| Heart failure | disorder that occurs when the heart in unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body |
| Mitral valve prolapse(MVP) | structural defect in which the bicuspid valve leaflets prolapsed into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood |
| Peripheral artery disease(PAD) | common circulatory disorder characterized by a reduced flow of blood to the extremities, especially the legs, resulting in muscle cramping and pain, and commonly the result of atherosclerosis |
| Rheumatic heart disease(RHD) | serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral(bicuspid) valve |
| Doppler US | ultrasonography used to assess the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sound waves off red blood cells |
| SPECT | myocardial perfusion test that involves the injection of a radioactive tracer into the blood while a gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as “slices” of the heart |
| Multiple-gated acquisition scan | a nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect he effectively the heart walls move as they contract, and then calculates the ejection fraction rate |
| Coronary artery bypass graft(CABG) | Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle |
| -version | turning |
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