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Bio 12 & 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Segments of the DNA molecule, called ______, code for the order of amino acids in each protein | genes |
| The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the | Central Dogma of molecular biology |
| When a cell needs a particular protein, the gene that codes for that protein is activated and a single-stranded mRNA copy is made of the gene, in a process called | Transctiption |
| The code copied into the mRNA is then used to determine the order of amino acids in the protein, in a process called | Translation |
| Transcription is mediated by enzymes called _____ __________ which synthesize RNA in a 5' ➝ 3' direction. | RNA polymerases |
| One of the strands of DNA, called the _________ _________, is used as a template to construct a complementary, antiparallel copy of the DNA. | template strand |
| The other strand of DNA is nearly identical to the RNA copy and is therefore called the | coding strand |
| If the template strand of DNA has the sequence: 3’TACGGCG5’, the coding strand will have the sequence ____________ and the RNA will have the sequence _____________. | 5’ATGCCGC3’ 5’AUGCCGC3’ |
| mRNA is “read” in three nucleotide segments called | codons. |
| Since RNA has four nucleotides (A, C, U, and G), there are ______ possible combinations of three nucleotides | 64 |
| 61 of these codons code for one of the 20 common amino acids. The other three are called _____ ______ or "nonsense codons" because they do not code for an amino acid but signal the end of translation. | stop codons |
| DNA chemical changes that are not repaired result in a | mutation: a heritable change in the DNA. |
| If a single base is changed in the DNA sequence, say from an A to a G, it results in a | point mutation. |
| A _______ _______ causes a different amino acid to be inserted in the protein. | missense mutation |
| A _______ _______ changes a codon that specified an amino acid to a stop codon. | nonsense mutation |
| A ______ _______ results in changing a codon to another codon that encodes the same amino acid. | silent mutation |
| A _______ _______ results when extra base pairs are added (insertion) or removed (deletion) from a gene. | frameshift mutation |
| The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology states: | DNA --> transcription --> mRNA --> translation --> protein |
| Each gene has a specific sequence of DNA, called the ________ which specifies where to begin transcription and denotes which DNA strand to copy. | promotor |
| A subunit of RNA polymerase called ______ binds to the -35 sequence. | sigma (σ) |
| Once elongation is complete, an enzyme called poly-A polymerase adds a string of approximately 200 adenosine nucleotides, called the | poly-A tail |
| While the pre-mRNA is still being synthesized, a __-________________ cap is added to its 5' end. | 7-methylguanosine |
| Eukaryotic genes are composed of ______, which correspond to protein-coding sequences | exons |
| Eukaryotic genes are composed of intervening sequences called | introns |
| Introns are removed from the pre-mRNA by a process called | splicing. |
| Splicing of pre- mRNAs is conducted by complexes of proteins and RNA molecules called | spliceosomes. |
| Pre-rRNAs are transcribed, processed, and assembled into ribosomes, in a specialized region of the nucleus called the | nucleolus. |
| A _________ is a complex macromolecule composed of rRNAs and many distinct polypeptides. | ribosome |
| _________ are structural RNA molecules that bind to sequences on the mRNA template and add the corresponding amino acid to the polypeptide chain. | tRNAs |
| a three-nucleotide sequence that base pairs with a complementary mRNA codon. | anticodon |
| tRNA molecules are linked to their correct amino acids by a group of enzymes called | aminoacyl tRNA synthetases |
| Adding the amino acid to a tRNA is called _______ the tRNA. | charging |
| At least one type of aminoacyl tRNA synthetase exists for each of the ____ amino acids. | 20 |
| The process of _________ involves the decoding of an mRNA to form a polypeptide. | translation |
| An initiation complex involves the small ribosomal subunit, the mRNA template, initiation factors, and a special | initiator tRNA |
| The large ribosomal subunit contains three tRNA binding sites: the E (____) site, the P (______) site, and the A (______) site | exit; peptidyl; aminoacyl |
| The amino acids in the A and P sites are covalently bonded with a | peptide bond. |
| Many proteins fold spontaneously, but some proteins require helper molecules, called ___________, to help them fold correctly. | chaperones |
Created by:
LHigh89