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bio chem metabolism
bio chem metabolism and Bioenergetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| metabolism | the sum of catabolic and anabolic activities |
| Fatty acids | are stored in the form of triacylglycerols (large globules) in adipocytes. |
| Glucose | is stored as glycogen in the liver |
| Metabolic Fuels | Monosaccharides (Glucose) Amino Acids Fatty acids |
| Storage Molecules | Glycogen Triacylglycerol Proteins (Not storage) |
| intermediates of glucose metabolism | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> pyruvate --> acetyl-CoA |
| Many metabolic pathways include oxidation-reduction reactions | True |
| Catabolism | amino acids, monosaccharides, and fatty acids involves oxidizing carbon |
| Anabolism | amino acids, monosaccharides, and fatty acids involves reducing carbon |
| Glucose is catabolized into the following molecules | pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate |
| Carbons in fatty acids and carbohydrates are oxidized to | CO2 |
| Fatty acids have many methylene carbons that undergo oxidation | True |
| Carbohydrates have (CH2O) carbons that undergo oxidation. | True |
| Oxidation | loss of electrons/ loss of hydrogen/ gain of oxygen |
| Reduction | gain of electrons/ gain of hydrogen/ loss of oxygen |
| Electrons can get passed from metabolites to enzyme cofactors such as | NAD+ or NADP+ |
| Electrons are transferred from ubiquinone to ubiquinol in a stepwise manner | Ubiquinone --> Ubisemiquinone --> Ubiquinol |
| Cofactors are recycled through oxidative phosphorylation | True |
| The carbons in glucose can be fully oxidized to | CO2 |
| Intracellular signals | Availability of substrate, product, allosteric activators and inhibitors |
| Extracellular signals | Hormones, neurotransmitters: Bind to cell surface receptors; produce second messengers |
| Extracellular signals | Steroid hormones:Bind to intracellular receptors |
| Enthalpy | The heat content of a system |
| Entropy | A measure of the system’s disorder or randomness |
| Gibbs free energy | A measure of the free energy of a system based on H and S |
| ΔG = ΔH – TΔS | – ΔG = Gibbs free energy change of the reaction – ΔH = Enthalpy change – ΔS = Entropy change |
| The free energy change depends on | reactant concentrations |
| Actual Free Energy Change | Used to determine reaction spontaneity |
| When ΔG >>0 | – Reaction is not spontaneous. – Reaction is unfavorable. – Endergonic |
| When ΔG<<0 | – Reaction is spontaneous. – Reaction is favorable. – Exergonic |
| Unfavorable reactions are sometimes __________ with favorable reactions in metabolism | coupled |
| ATP is often involved in coupled processes | Cleavage of phosphoanhydride bonds yields energy to drive unfavorable reactions |
| What’s so special about ATP? | -ATP hydrolysis drives many unfavorable reactions to completionAs a result, -ATP acts as “energy currency”. |
| A reaction is considered spontaneous is | G less than 0 |
| G = -30.5 kJ* mol-1 | A highly favorable reaction |
| G = +13.8 kJ * mol-1 | A highly unfavorable reaction |
| ATP hydrolysis provides the energy for | glucose phosphorylation |
| Unfavorable reactions are ________ with ______ to allow the reaction to proceed. | coupled ; favorable reactions |
| fatty acids are oxidized down to ____ during catabolism | carbon dioxide |
| If a reaction had a G of 13 KJ.mol you would except the reaction to be | a coupled to a reaction with a G of -28.2KJ.mol |
| breaking down of proteins to amino acids is a specific example of | catabolism |
Created by:
sofialorena