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Sociology Exam 2
Chapters 4, 5, and 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social interaction | The moments we share with others |
| Social rules | Culturally specific norms, policies, and laws that guide our behavior |
| Two types of rules | Perscriptive (what you should do) and proscriptive (what you shouldn't do) |
| Types of social rules | Folkways, Mores, Taboos, Policies, Laws |
| Folkways | Loosley enforced norms |
| Mores | More tightly enforced norms with moral significance |
| Taboos | Social prohibitions so strong that violating them is sickening |
| Policies | rules made/enforced by cities, states, or federal governments |
| Ethnomedthods | Culturally specific background assumptions, our foundation rules |
| Ethnomethodology | Research aimed at revealing the underlying shared logic at the foundation of social interactions |
| Social Sanction | Reactions by others aimed at promoting conformity, happens when we break the rules |
| Account | An excuse that explains your rule-breaking |
| Symbolic interactionism | The theory that social interaction depends on the social construction of reality |
| Three parts of Symbolic Interactionism | 1. Reality is produced through ongoing social interactions. 2. We respond to meaning 3. Meaning is negotiated in interactions |
| Dramaturgy | The thought that social life is a series of performances |
| Impression Management | Efforts to control how we are percieved by others |
| Face | A version of ourselves to project in a particular situation |
| Face-work | Establish and maintain our face |
| Save face | If we project the wrong version, we might lose face and have to do additional face-work |
| Front stage | public spaces where we're aware of having an audience |
| Back stage | Provate or semiprivate spaces where we can relax or rehearse |
| Role Expectations | We expect people to behave a certain way based on their social position |
| Role Strain | People experience when it's difficult for them to fulfull their role |
| Interactions are guided by | Social meanings |
| Unmarked Identities | Implicitly viewed as the default |
| Marked Identities | They matter across nearly all social interactions |
| Status-advantaged identities are... | Unmarked |
| Interpersonal Discrimination | Predjudicial behavior displayed by individuals |
| Prejudice = _________ Discrimination = _________ | Attitude, Behavior |
| Discrimination is a result of... | status beliefs we're socialized into |
| Microaggressions | Brief, often ambiguous, and sometimes unintentional exchanges that denigrate a person because of the social identities they carry |
| Indigenous Methologies | Research Partnerships with indigenous communities that respect their ways of being, knowing, leaning |
| Principles of Indigenous Methologies | RElevance, Respect, Reciprocity, Responsibility |
| Relevance | Research responds to needs |
| Respect | Validate Indigenous ways of knowing |
| Reciprocity | Collaborate with Indigenous communities |
| Responsibility | Promote participants' well-being and empower Indigenous peoples |
| Deviance | the behaviors or beliefs that violate sociak expectations and attract negative sanctions |
| Social Deviance | violation of norms |
| Criminal deviance | crime, violation of laws |
| How is deviance socially constructed? | Stigmatizations, criminalization, medicalization |
| Stigmatization | Physical traits or conditions become socially devalued |
| Criminalization | Trait or condition becomes collectively defined as criminal |
| Medicalization | traits or conditions become collectively defined as an illness |
| Strain Theory | Deviance is caused by a tension between widely valued goals and people's ability to attain them |
| Conformity | Do this earnestly |
| Ritualism | Do this cynically |
| Innovation | Accept valued goals but do something deviant to attain them |
| Retreatism | Reject valued goals and opt out of trying to attain them |
| Rebellion | Reject valued goals and work to change society by replacing exisiting goals with new ones |
| Differential Association Theory | We need to be recruited into and taight cirminal behavior by people in our social networks |
| Social Disorganization Theory | Deviance is more common in dysfunctional neighborhoods |
| Neutralization Theory | DEviance is facilitaated by the development of culturally resonant rationales for rule breaking |
| Ways we netralize our resistant | 1. Denial of Responsibility 2. Denial Injury 3. Denial of Victim 4. Condemnation of Condemers 5. Appeal to higher loyalty |
| Labeling | Social process of assigning a deviant label to an individual |
| Self-fuffiling prophecy | primary deviance and secondary deviance |
| Primary DEviance | Instance of deviance resulting in label |
| Secondary Deviance | further instances of deviance promoted by receipt of that label |
| Structural Functionalism | The theory that society is a system of neceasary, synchronized parts that work together to create social stability |
| Durkhein Functionalism | We need deviance to reinforce right and wrong, Mass disapproval ward off anomie, or normlessness and alientaion from social rules |
| Limits of functionalism | Deeply unpopular in contemporary sociology because it doesn't account for inequity |
| Conflict Theory | Societies aren't characterized by shared interests, but by competing ones |
| Social Inequity | Wealth, power, and prestige are most readily available to people with privileged social identities |
| Modernization | Social life used to be smaller and less complex |
| Pre-modern thought | the belief in supernatural sources of truth and commitment to traditional practices |
| Modern Thought | Belief in science as the sole source of truth, and the idea that humans can rationally organize societies and improve human life |
| Max Weber | Modernity requires rationalization, process of embracing reason and using it to increase efficiency |
| Social Organizations | Formal entities that coordinate collections of people in achieving a stated purpose |
| Bureaucracy | Highly rationalized organizations that have formal policies, strict hierarchies, and impersonal relations |
| McDonalidization | Reationalization has escalated, focuses on efficiency, predictability, and calculability through investment in non-human technology |
| Postmodern Thought | Rejects absolute truth in favor of countless partial truths and denounces narrative or progress |
| Social INstitutions | Widespread enduring patterns of interaction with which we respond to vategories of human needs (idea + practices) |
| Institutionalized Ideologies | Shared ideas about how human life should be organized |
| Social Structure | Intertwined |
| Structural position | Determines our mix of opportunities and constraints |
| Durkeim's Suicide | Society exists beyond individuals and shapes behavior |
| Altruistic Suicide | Too much integration |
| Fatalistic Suicide | Too much regulation |
| Egotistic suicide | Not enough integration |
| Anomic Suicide | Not enough regulation |
| Institutional Discrimination | When social institutions are designed to persistently favor some kinds of people |
| Social stratification | A persistent sorting of social groups into hierarchies |
| Collective Conscience | Shared beliefs, morals, or ideas |
| Collective Effervescence | The shared joy when individuals come together |
| Self-sanctioning | Anticipating other's responses to us and changing our behavior |
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