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Bio Senior Year U2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Movement | change of the position of the body or a body part. All organisms are adapted to move in some way |
| Movement (Amoeba) | Their cytoskeleton moves their plasma membrane. Paramecia will use hair-like structures (cilia) |
| Movement (Plants) | Phototropism - plants move towards the sun in order to optimize light absorption for photosynthesis |
| Tropism | Movement of an organism, (usually plant) towards/away from an external stimulus |
| Movement (Barnacles) | The move appendages (coral fans) - used to filter food from water - barnacles themselves are sessile |
| Sessile | When an organism itself is not adapted to move - they stay in one place |
| Motile | When an organism is adapted to move from place to place |
| Movement (Mammals) | Muscles are attached to bones which allows for movement |
| Locomotion | The ability of an organism to move from one location to another |
| Reasons for Locomotion | Foraging for food, escaping from danger, searching for a mate, migration |
| Locomotion of searching for a mate example | Birds of paradise move in a "dance" to try and attract a mate |
| endoskeleton | Internal skeleton vertebrate animals have |
| joints | junctions between two or more bones |
| tendons | anchor muscle to bones, can resist pulling force as muscles contract |
| bones | act as a lever as muscles contract |
| Exoskeleton | skeletons on the outside of the body - usually found in arthropods. In arthropods muscle is attached to the exoskeleton |
| Synovial Joints | connect bones with fibrous tissue that connect synovial fluid |
| Synovial Fluid | acts as a lubricant, reduces friction between bones |
| Articular Cartilage | Covers the end of bones in a synovial joint, acts as a cushion to absorb shock. Has smooth surface to help facilitate bones sliding over each other |
| Ligaments | Strong, flexible bands of connective tissue. Provide stability to the joint and prevents excess movement. Connects bones to synovial joint (another bone) |
| Muscles | Attach to bones, contract due to force from bones |
| Synovial Capsule | Surrounds joint - holds in synovial fluid and stabilizes joint |
| Hip joint | synovial ball and socket joint, ball on femur fits into acetabulum socket on the pelvis The acetabulum and the femoral head are covered in cartilage. The joint stabilized by joint capsule. Synovial fluid within the joint capsule lubricates the joint. |
| Movement of the Hip Joint | Flexion, Extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction |
| Flexion | Bending of a joint that decreases the angle between the bones involved |
| Flexion Hip Joint Example | Bringing your knee closer to your chest |
| Extension | Straightening of a joint that increases the angle between the bones involved |
| Extension Hip Joint Example | Moving the thigh away from the chest |
| Abduction | Movement of a bone away from the midline of the body |
| Abduction Hip Joint Example | Pushing your knees apart |
| Adduction | Movement of a bone towards the midline of the body |
| Adduction Hip Joint Example | Pushing your knees in together |
| Rotation | Movement of a bone around its axis |
| Rotation Hip Joint Example | Turning the leg inward or outward while keeping the knee and foot in the same position |
| Circumduction | Circular movement of a limb that involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in sequence |
| Circumduction Hip Joint Example | Standing up and tracing a circle with a straight leg |
| Hinge Joints | Allow for movement in one direction (allow for flexion and extension) |
| Ball and Socket Joints | Allow for widest range of motion (allow for flexion, extension, rotation motion, etc) |
| Goniometry | measurement of the range of joint movements. |
| goniometer | measures range of motion in joints |
| Skeletal Muscles | Composed of muscle fibres (atypical cell) |
| Muscle fibres | Formed by fusion of multiple cells (multinucleate) (Myofibrils) |
| Myofibrils | composed of many sarcomeres |
| Sarcolemma | Plasma membrane of a muscle cell |
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | specialized endoplasmic reticulum found in the sarcoplasm |
| Sarcoplasm | Cytoplasm of muscle cells |
| Sarcomere | Composed of z line (boundaries), actin filament (light, bound to z line), myosin filament (thick, bound to M line), titin (spring stabilizer across the whole thing) and the M line down the center |
| Light band | area of the sarcomere where there is only actin |
| Dark band | Area of the sarcomere where there is only myosin |
| Sarcomere contracts | Actin and Myosin slide over each other causing the z lines to get closer to each other |
| Muscle Contraction Step 1: | Motor neuron releases a signal (Acetylcholine) that binds to receptors on the sarcolemma |
| Muscle Contraction Step 2 | Sarcolemma ion channels open (when Acetylcholine binds), Na ions move through membrane to generate muscle action potential |
| Muscle Contraction Step 3: | Muscle action potential, due to movement of Na ions, moves along the sarcolemma via T Tubules |
| Muscle Contraction Step 4: | Movement of muscle action potential along T Tubules stimulates the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm |
| Muscle Contraction Step 5: | Calcium ions bind to Troponin on actin, which causes the tropomyosin complex to move, revealing myosin binding sites on actin |
| Muscle Contraction Step 6: | ATP binds to myosin heads which breaks any formed cross bridges |
| Muscle Contraction Step 7: | Cross bridges form at actin binding sites adjacent to previous binding sites |
| Muscle Contraction Step 8: | Myosin heads have ATpase (hydrolyzes ATP to ADP + P) - this "cocks" the Myosin head |
| Muscle Contraction Step 9: | As ADP + P releases, the myosin heads rotate towards the center of the sarcomere, creating the "power stroke" |
| Muscle Contraction Step 10: | Calcium ion levels lower in the sarcoplasm (actively pumped back to sarcoplasmic reticulum), causes troponin-tropomyosin complex returns to original state, Acetylcholinesterase will also break down acetylcholine, ending the signals from the motor neuron |
| Antagonistic Muscle Pair | As one muscle contracts, the other muscle is stretched, and relaxed |
| Titin | long fibrous elastic protein that stretches from the Z line to the M line, acts as a molecular spring, helps sarcomeres to recoil after stretching, and prevents over-extension of the muscle |
| Motor neurons | stimulate muscle fibres, releases acetylcholine |
| neuromuscular junction | the synapse between an axon terminal of a motor neuron and muscle fibre, The arrival of an action potential at an axon terminal stimulates an action potential in a muscle fibre |
| Synapse | space between two neurons or between a motor neuron and a muscle fibre |
| Actions at the NMJ (1) | Motor neuron releases ACh into the synapse, where it can bind to the muscle fibre’s sarcolemma (after an action potential travels down its axon and arrives at the axon terminal) |
| Actions at the NMJ (2) | Ligand-gated channels for ACh will open, allowing Na+ ions into the muscle fibre. |
| Actions at the NMJ (3) | The muscle fibre is now relatively (+) on the inside of its membrane. This signal travels down T tubules, alongside the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). |
| Actions at the NMJ (4) | The positive charges cause voltage-gated Ca2+ channels on the SR to open. |
| Acetylcholinesterase | breaks down ACh in the synapse, ending the motor neuron’s signal |
| Antagonistic Muscle Examples | The internal and external intercostal muscles |
| Internal/External Intercostal Muscles as Antagonistic Pair | As you inspire, your external intercostal muscles contract, your internal ones relax, and your ribcage moves up. As you expire, your internal intercostal muscles contract, your external intercostal muscles relax, and your ribcage moves down |
| Mammal Characteristics | Endothermic Body hair (at some stage of the life cycle) Produce milk from mammary glands to nurse young Breathe air using lungs |
| Adaptations of Marine Mammals | Streamlined Body shape, modified pentadactyl limbs, fluke/tail, modified airways |
| streamlined body shape (marine mammals) | reduces drag allowing them to efficiently move through the water |
| Modified pentadactyl limbs (marine mammals) | adapted for swimming, such as the pectoral fins in dolphins, and flippers in seals |
| Fluke or tail (marine mammals) | flat shape, which maximizes surface area for efficient movement through water. The flukes are powered by powerful muscles which move up and down |
| Blowholes (marine mammals) | modified nostrils, which allow breathing while keeping most of the body underwater |
| muscular control of their nostrils (marine mammals) | prevent water entering during a dive |
| large lung capacity (marine mammals) | store more oxygen and hold their breath when diving |
| rigid bronchial tubes (marine mammals) | prevent collapse of the airways when diving |
Created by:
English1002