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BIO MIDTERM 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Eukaryotic cell | A cell that contains membrane-bound organelles including a nucleus |
| Plasma membrane | A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separates the cell from its environment |
| Organelle | A membrane-bound structure within a eukaryotic cell with a specific function |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of protein fibers (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules) that gives the cell shape, support, and movement ability |
| Microfilament | Thin fiber (actin) in the cytoskeleton that supports cell shape and enables movement Powered by ATP. Can disassemble and reassemble quickly, causing movement of cell. |
| Intermediate filament | Intermediate-diameter cytoskeletal filament that helps anchor organelles and maintain structural stability |
| Microtubule | Hollow tube in the cytoskeleton that directs vesicle movement and forms the basis for flagella/cilia (Resisst compression) Can also disassemble and reform quickly. |
| Myosin | Motor protein that “walks” along actin filaments using ATP, often in muscle contraction and intracellular transport |
| Kinesin | Motor protein that travels along microtubules toward the cell periphery, transporting vesicles using ATP |
| Extracellular matrix | Network of proteins (e.g. collagen) and carbohydrates secreted by cells that provides structural support and signaling between cells |
| Collagen | Structural protein abundant in the extracellular matrix that gives tensile strength to tissues |
| Proteoglycan | Large glycoprotein in the ECM with many carbohydrate side chains that helps form a gel-like matrix |
| Integrin | Transmembrane receptor protein that connects ECM outside the cell to the cytoskeleton inside |
| Metabolism | All of the chemical reactions in a cell or organism (including catabolism |
| Catabolism | Metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy |
| Anabolism | Metabolic pathways that build larger molecules from smaller units and require energy input |
| Free energy (G) | The portion of a system’s energy that can do work under cellular conditions |
| ΔG (change in free energy) | Difference in free energy between reactants and products of a reaction |
| Activation energy | The initial input of energy required to start a chemical reaction |
| Kinetic energy | Energy of motion |
| Potential energy | Stored energy based on position or configuration |
| Endergonic reaction | A reaction that requires an input of energy (ΔG > 0) |
| Exergonic reaction | A reaction that releases free energy (ΔG < 0) |
| Rough Er | Ribosomes attached to cytoplasmic surface. Ribosomes transfer newly synthesized proteins into RER's lumen and eventually transport vesicles outside cell |
| Smooth ER | Continuous with the RER, has few to no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface. Synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones. |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | Main energy “currency” of the cell, storing energy in phosphate bonds |
| ADP (adenosine diphosphate) | Molecule formed by removing one phosphate from ATP |
| Substrate | The molecule upon which an enzyme acts |
| Active site | The specific region of an enzyme where the substrate binds |
| Cofactor | Inorganic ion (e.g. metal ion) required for some enzyme functions |
| Coenzyme | Organic nonprotein molecule (often vitamin derived) required for enzyme activity |
| Competitive inhibition | When an inhibitor competes with substrate for binding to the enzyme’s active site |
| Allosteric inhibition | When an inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site and changes enzyme shape/activity |
| Glycolysis | Sequence of reactions in cytoplasm that breaks glucose (6C) into two pyruvate (3C), yielding ATP and NADH |
| Glucose | Six-carbon sugar that is the starting substrate in glycolysis |
| Pyruvate | Three-carbon end product of glycolysis that can be further oxidized |
| Substrate-level phosphorylation | Production of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from a phosphorylated intermediate |
| Acetyl CoA | A molecule (acetyl group bound to Coenzyme A) that enters the citric acid cycle |
| Citric acid cycle (TCA / Krebs cycle) | Series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in mitochondrial matrix that oxidizes acetyl CoA, producing NADH, FADH₂, ATP (or equivalent), and CO₂ |
| Citrate | First 6-carbon molecule formed in the citric acid cycle by combining acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate |
| NADH | Reduced form of NAD⁺ that carries electrons to the electron transport chain |
| FADH₂ | Reduced form of FAD that also carries electrons to the electron transport chain |
| Oxaloacetate | Four-carbon compound that combines with acetyl CoA to start the citric acid cycle again |
| Electron transport chain | Series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons and pump H⁺ to build a gradient |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | Process in which ATP is produced using the proton gradient generated by the ETC |
| Chemiosmosis | Movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase, driving ATP production |
| ATP synthase | Enzyme complex in mitochondrial membrane that synthesizes ATP as protons flow through it |
| Peroxisomes | Small, round organelles enclosed by single membranes that carry out oxidation rxns to break down fatty acids and amino acids. Dextofiy poisons and safetly break down H2O2 |
| Lysosomes | Animal Cell specific: breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and acts as a garbage cans/ High pH |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Interconnected membrous sacs and tubules that modify proteins and synthesizes lipids in rough Er and Smooth ER respectively |
| Golgi Apparatus | transport vesivles go here to get packaged and distributed. A series of flattened membrous sacs. Side of GA closer to Er is called Cis Face and opposite is Trans. |
| Lysosomes | Use hydrolytic enzymes to destroy pathogens. Fuses with a vesicle that has a pathogen and uses itn hydrolytic enzymes to destory it. |
Created by:
jinko