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chapter 5 review a&p
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the most accessible system in the body | the integument |
| What is the integument the first line of defense against | against abrasion, microorganisms and chemicals |
| the integument is composed of two parts list them and what they are composed of | cutaneous membrane: 1) superficial epidermis 2) deeper dermis |
| the integument is composed of two parts list them and what they are composed of | accessory structures: hair, nails, glands |
| Where is the hypodermis? | located deep to the cutaneous membrane, an area of adipose and blood vessels |
| is it part of integument | it is not part of integument |
| Why or why not? | this is the site of hypodermic injections - preserves the underlying organs from damage from the needle |
| List the 9 functions of the integument | provides protection for underlying tissues |
| List the 9 functions of the integument | excretion of salts and wastes by glands |
| List the 9 functions of the integument | maintains body temperature by insulation and sweating |
| List the 9 functions of the integument | produces melanin for protection from UV radiation |
| List the 9 functions of the integument | produces keratin for protection from abrasion and repels water |
| List the 9 functions of the integument | synthesizes vitamin D3, which is converted to calcitriol to help absorb calcium |
| List the 9 functions of the integument | stores lipids |
| List the 9 functions of the integument | detects touch |
| List the 9 functions of the integument | coordinations of immune response for pathogens |
| What tissue composes the epidermis? | of stratifies squamous epothelium |
| Where does it get its nutrients | come from capillaries in the dermis |
| How are the superficial cells described? | the superficial cells are dead and filled wiht a protein called keratin |
| What are keratinocytes? | the cells packed wiht keratin |
| what do these keratinocytes form | form layers or strate |
| Compare thin skin to thick skin | thin skin - covers most of the boyd surface. only has 4 layers/stratum thick skin - covers the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. has 5 layers/stratum |
| List the 5 layers of thick skin: | stratum corneum |
| List the 5 layers of thick skin: | stratum lucidum |
| List the 5 layers of thick skin: | stratum granulosum |
| List the 5 layers of thick skin: | stratum spinosum |
| List the 5 layers of thick skin: | stratum basale |
| For each layer of the epidermis be sure to know not just the structures and unique things about them but also what cells they have | |
| Stratum basale: Describe this layer in terms of depth and what holds it to the basement membrane | the deepest layer of epidermis attatched to the basement membrane via hemidesomosomes |
| Stratum basale: How many cells thick | normally 1 cell layer thick |
| Stratum basale: What separates this layer from the connective tissues | basal lamina seperates epithelia from connective tissue |
| Stratum basale: What do the epidermal ridges do here? | extends into dermis which increases contact area between two places increasing attachment strenght |
| List the 3 cells of this layer and describe them | basal cells - stem cells, divide to replace epidermal cells |
| List the 3 cells of this layer and describe them | merkel cells - unite with sensory nerves to make tactile disks |
| List the 3 cells of this layer and describe them | melanocytes - produces the pigment melanin, whihc is packed into vesicles |
| Why do the dermis and stratum basale interlock and fold | to give increased surface area for attahcment |
| What are epidermal ridges? | form the epidermis -determined by your genes -these epidermal ridges generate your fingerprints |
| What are epidermal papillae | from the dermis |
| Stratum spinosum: How many layers of keratinized cells | 8-10 layers of keratinized cells |
| Stratum spinosum: What holds them together | held together with desmosomes |
| Stratum spinosum: How many daughter cells are produced from division of basal cells | produce 2 daughter cells |
| Stratum spinosum: What happens to those cells when they divide | that push up from the stratum basale to the stratum spinosum |
| What are Langerhans cells? | they contain dendritic cells, or langerhans cells that participate in immunity |
| What do they do? | stimulate defense against: 1) microorganisms that penetrate the superifical epidemris 2) superficial skin cancers |
| Stratum granulosum: How many layers? | 3-5 layers of kerintocytes |
| Stratum granulosum: What happens to cells when they reach this layer? | they dehydrate and die, and are packed wiht the protien keratin, which is a major component of hair and nails |
| Stratum lucidium: What is the only type of skin to have it | only in thick skin (palms of the hands, soles of the feet) |
| Stratum lucidium: Describe the cells | cells are thin flat, densely filled with keratin and lacking organelles |
| Stratum corneum: What does it cover? | the exposed areas of both thick and thin skin |
| Stratum corneum: What is it made of? | "horn layer" becuase keratin makes up horns of animals |
| Stratum corneum: Where is it? Superficial or deep | most superficial layer |
| Stratum corneum: how many layers | 15-30 layers of keratinocytes |
| What is keratinization? | is adding keratin for the protecive stratum corneum |
| About how long does it take to move from the bottom to the top | it takes 15-30 days for a cell to mvoe from the stratum basal to the stratum corneum |
| how long do these cells remain there? | they remain in the most superficial part of stratum corneum for 2 or more weeks untile they are lost |
| What keeps these cells attached and resist shedding | desmosomes keep these cells attatched and resist the shedding |
| what is the cutaneous plexus? | deep network of arteries along the reticular layer |
| What is the subpapillary plexus | network of small arteries in papillary layer |
| Where does it drain? | drain into small veins that lead to larger veins in subcutaneous layer |
| What is a contusion? | (bruise) caused by damage ot vlood vessels in dermis |
| List and define the two types of perspiration | insensible perspiration - the loss of water by evaporation - skin is water resistant not waterprood |
| List and define the two types of perspiration | sensible perpiration - sweating, produces by sweat glands -cools the body by breaking down hydrogen bonds of water |
| List and describe the 3 pigments that affect the color of the skin | carotene - the organge yellow pigment of the epidermis |
| List and describe the 3 pigments that affect the color of the skin | melanin - the brown-yellow to black pigment produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale |
| List and describe the 3 pigments that affect the color of the skin | hemaglobin - the protein in blood that transports oxygen - bright red = more oxygen -dark red = less oxygen |
| What are 2 sources for vitamin D3? | sunlight/UV radiation - converts a steroid into cholecalciferol where it enters the blood stream |
| What are 2 sources for vitamin D3? | dietary cholecalciferol - is absorbed by the intestines |
| What is the function of calcitriol? | increases Ca2+ and phosphate ion absorption in the digestive tract needed for bone growth |
| What are basal cell carcinomas | a malignant type of cancer found in the stratum basale |
| What usually causes them | mostly caused by UV radiation |
| What are malignant melanomas | caused by malignant melanocytes |
| What do they do | these metastasize into the lymphatic system |
| Where is the dermis located? | between the epidemris and the hypodermis |
| What does the dermis contain | contains collagen (white fibers) and elastic fibers (yellow fibers) |
| List and define the 2 layers of the dermis | papillary layer - superfical layer, composed of areolar tissue |
| List and define the 2 layers of the dermis | reticular layer - deeper layer, composed of dense irregular connective tissue |
| What are tactile corpuscles? What makes them? | light touch or fine touch |
| list the sensory receptors found in the papillary layer of the dermis | free nerve endings, tactile discs, merkel cells, tectile corpuscles |
| List and define the 2 receptors of the reticular layer of the dermis | lamellated corpuscles |
| List and define the 2 receptors of the reticular layer of the dermis | ruffini corpuscles |
| What are bed sores | affect bed ridden people by killing epidermal cells and then removes the barrier to infection by bacteria |
| Why do they hurt so bad? | nerve cells are located there |
| What are lines of cleavage | are formed by the bundles of collagen and elastin being parallel to the forces at each location |
| What happens if damage is parallel to lines of cleavage? | the lines of cleavage heal better and scar less |
| What happens if damage is perpendicular to lines of cleavage | heal more difficult and scare more |
| Where do we not find hair | lips, palms of hands, soles of the feet, and external genitalia |
| What does hair do | functions in protection, sensation, and insulation |
| Where are hairs made? | not alive and are produces by hair follicles |
| List and define the 4 parts of hair follicles | hair bulb - mass of epothelial cells that form the hair |
| List and define the 4 parts of hair follicles | hair papilla - connective tissues that contains capillaries and nerve endings |
| List and define the 4 parts of hair follicles | hair root - anchors the hair to the skin |
| List and define the 4 parts of hair follicles | hair shaft - part of hair you can see |
| List and describe the 3 layers of a hair shaft | the outer cuticle |
| List and describe the 3 layers of a hair shaft | a middle cortex |
| List and describe the 3 layers of a hair shaft | an inner medulla |
| What determines hair color | determind by the pigment melanin, with age melanin production diminshes and the hair becomes gray |
| Define the following parts: Root hair plexus- | nerves surrounding hair to allow for tactile respones |
| Define the following parts: Arrector pili- | contract to cause the release of sebum - results in goose bumps, contract in response to cold, fear, or anger |
| What type of hair is associated with the fetus? What does it do? | lanugo - hairs produces and shed before birth -keeps the developing fetus warm |
| List and define the 2 types of adult hair: | vellus hair - small delicate hairs that cover mos of the body surface - peach fuzz |
| List and define the 2 types of adult hair: | terminal hair - large course hairs found on head, armpits, eyebrows, eye lashes, torso, and pubic hair |
| List and describe the 2 types of exocrine glands found in the skin: | sebaceous glands - oil glands |
| List and describe the 2 types of exocrine glands found in the skin: | sweat glands - sudoriderous glands |
| List and define the 2 types of sebaceous glands: | typical sevaceous glands - secrets sebum onto the hair |
| List and define the 2 types of sebaceous glands: | sebaceous follicles - secret sebum onto the surface of the skin |
| List and define the 2 types of sweat glands: | apocrin sweat glands - on the axillia, groin, and nipples secrete onto hair follicles |
| List and define the 2 types of sweat glands: | eccrine/merocrine sweat glands - found on most of the body |
| List and describe the 2 other glands we discussed in class | mammary glands - produces milk whihc is an aporcine secretion |
| List and describe the 2 other glands we discussed in class | ceruminous glands - sweat glands in the ears produce sweat that combines with sebum to form ear wax |
| Define the following parts of a nail: Nail body | the main or visible part of the nail |
| Define the following parts of a nail: Nail bed | area covered by nail body |
| Define the following parts of a nail: Nail root | where nail growth occurs |
| Define the following parts of a nail: Free edge | distal part of the nail body, part cut off when nails are trimmed |
| Define the following parts of a nail: Eponychium | part of nail covered by stratum corneum called the cuticle |
| Define the following parts of a nail: Hyponychium | area of stratum corneum under the free edge |
| Define the following parts of a nail: Lateral nail grooves | depressions on each side of the nail |
| Define the following parts of a nail: Lateral nail fold | ridges on each side of the nail |
| Define the following parts of a nail: Lunula | pale crescent shaped area under nail caused by blood vessels |
| Define the following injuries: Incision | a cut |
| Define the following injuries: Abrasion | a scarp |
| list and describe the 4 stages in wound healing: | inflammation stage - an injury to the skin causes bleeding, the blood must then clot to stop bleeding |
| list and describe the 4 stages in wound healing: | migration phase - a scab forms over injury and stem cells migrate to the area |
| list and describe the 4 stages in wound healing: | proliferation phase - fibroblast proliferate to make scare tissue |
| list and describe the 4 stages in wound healing: | scarring phase - scab disappears, scar will form and be higher than the orignial epothelium |
| What is granulation tissue? | combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, capillary tissues which has a shiny surface |
| What is a keloid? | thickened area of scar tissue which has a shiny surface |
| Define the following types of burns: First degree burns | only the surface of the epidermis is damaged |
| Define the following types of burns: Second degree burns | the entire epidermis and perhaos some of the dermis are damages |
| Define the following types of burns: Third degree burns | destroy the epidermis and dermis, extending into the subcutaneous layer |
| What is the rule of 9’s | a way to estimate the perecentage of the body surface affected |
| Define the following percentage of each area of the body for an adult:Head | 9% |
| Define the following percentage of each area of the body for an adult:Upper limb | 9 |
| Define the following percentage of each area of the body for an adult: Trunk | 36 |
| Define the following percentage of each area of the body for an adult: Genitalia | 1 |
| Define the following percentage of each area of the body for an adult:Lower limb | 18 |
| An adult patient has burns over the head, upper limbs and torso. Calculate the percentage of the body affected. | 63 |
| An adult patient has burns over the torso and lower limbs. Calculate the percentage of the body affected | 72 |
| Extra tough question: An adult patient has burns over the back of the head and upper back. Calculate the percentage of the body surface affected. |
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