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chapter 3 a&p
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how many parts make up the cell theory | 4 |
| list one of part of the cell theory: | cells are the building blocks for life |
| list one of the parts of the cell theory: | all cells come from other cells |
| list one of the parts of the cell theory: | cells are the smalled unit of life |
| list one of the parts of the cell theory: | each cell maintains homeostasis |
| how many cells types are there | 2 |
| what is of the cell type and describe it | sex cells (gametes) - sperm or oocytes - reproductive cells |
| what is one of the cell types and describe it | somatic cells - all cells other than sex cells - body cells |
| what is the cell membrane and what is alternate names | the outer boundary of the a cell ( membrane or plasma membrane) |
| what is one function of the cell membrane | physical isolation - the cell membrane seperates the inside from the outside of the cell, preserving differences to maintian homeostasis |
| what is one function of the cell membrane | regulation of exchange with the envrionmnet - the cell membrane acts as sort of a "gate keeper" controlling the movement of ions, nutrients, wastes and secretion |
| what is one function of the cell membrane | sensitivity to the envrionment - the cell membrane is the first to be impacted by external envrionment (pH changes, hormones,) using receptors |
| what is one function of the cell membrane | structure support - the cell membrane contains specialized connections between cells or around cell membranes to maintain stability |
| what is the cell membrane mostly made of | mostly composed of a double layer of phospholipids |
| what type of bilayer | the phospholipid bilayer |
| what part is hydrophobic of the bilayer | the fatty acid tail |
| what part is hydrophilic of the bilayer | the phospahte head |
| what does cholesterol do in the cell membrane | cholesterol maintain fluidity |
| by what menas can cell membrane proteins be described | can be described by location and by function |
| where is integral proteins located | penetrate the hydrophobic core or can span the width of the cell membrane at least once |
| where is peripheral proteins located | found on the inner and outer surfaces of the cell membrane |
| how many cell membrain proteins are there | 5 |
| list one of the 5 cell membrane proteins by function | anchoring proteins - anchor the plasma membrane to other strucutre and stablize its position |
| list one of the 5 cell membrane proteins by function | recognition proteints - the immune system cells must recognize normal and abmornal cells |
| list one of the 5 cell membrane proteins by function | enzymes - catalyze reactions inside and outside the cell depending on location |
| list one of the 5 cell membrane proteins by function | receptor proteins - they are sensitive to molecule outisde the cell and trigger changes in the cells function |
| list one of the 5 cell membrane proteins by function | carrier proteins/channel proteins - such proteins as carrier proteins that act as channels through the phospholipid bulayer, or gated channels, that open or close to allow passage of certain material |
| how mnay types of membrane carbohydrates are there | 3 |
| what is one of the 3 types of membrane carbohydrates | proteoglycans |
| what is one of the 3 types of membrane carbohydrates | glycoproteins |
| what is one of the 3 types of membrane carbohydrates | glycolipids |
| what makes the gylcocalyx | thye form a sticky sugar coate |
| what is one function of the glycocalyx | lubrication and protection |
| what is one function of the glycocalyx | anchoring and locomotion |
| what is one function of the glycocalyx | specificity in binding (function as recpetors) |
| what is one function of the glycocalyx | recognition (immune response) |
| what does the cell membrane separate | the inside from the outside of a cell |
| wha is the inside of the cell called | cytoplasm |
| what is the fluid part of the inside called | intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytosol- fluid part |
| what else makes it up | the organelles - cell strucutre |
| what is the fluid outside the cell called | extracellular fluid (ECF) |
| what are the two groups of organelles and describe them | non-membranous organells - not enclosed by a cell membrane (ex: cytoskeleton, ribosomes, and centrosomes) membranous organells - are surrounded by a cell membrane that isolated it from the cytosol |
| describe the structure of centrioles | "little center part" there are nine groups of 3 tubes , two of these unite to make a centrosome |
| what makes up a centrosome | made up of two centrioles |
| what are the fucntions of centrosomes | "center body" secrete microtubules, part of the cytoskeleton , that are used in cell division |
| what is the function of the cytoskeleton | is the cells skeleton, internal protein framework |
| what makes up the cytoskeleton | microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
| define microfilaments | mostly composed of actin - functions: provide framework, attachment, and producing movement |
| define intermedia filaments | mostly composed of keratin and myosin.. function: provude strenght and support to the cellm stabilize nad provide organelles postition, and attach cells to other cells |
| define microtubules | composed of tubulin |
| describe microvilli | are responsible for increasing the surface area of the apical (top) part of cells for aborption of nutrients |
| describe cilia | long hair like projection on a cell, produce movement |
| what do ribosomes do | thye read the genetic material to synthesue and produce proteins in the cell |
| what structure of a protein do they create | the primary strucure of proteins |
| what are they composed of | of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
| what part of the endoplasmi reticulum are they attached to | |
| what is the function of proteasomes | are complexes that contain many proteolytic enxymes/proteases (breaks down proteins) |
| what do they remove | remove musfolded, malfunction, unwanted or foregin proteins from the cell |
| if a protein is tagged wiht a ubiquitin tag where do they go | |
| what happens to it there | |
| what is the endoplasmic reticulum | |
| what is one function of the ER | produces a secondary and tertiary structure of proteins |
| what is one function of the ER | storage of products |
| what is one function of the ER | transports products |
| what is one function of the ER | detoxifies substances |
| describe rough ER | has ribosomes on its surface for producing proteins |
| describe smooth ER | lack ribosomes, functions as storage for proteins, synthesis of lipids, synthesis of sex hormones and calcium ions |
| describe the golgi | receives products frim the endoplasmic reticulum via transport vesicles |
| what are cisternae | are consisted of 5-6 folded membranous sacs |
| what is one function of the golgi | modifying and packaging secretion |
| what is one function of the golgi | modifies cell membranes |
| what is one function of the golgi | produces lysosomes |
| what do lysosomes contain | contain enzymes and acis that breakdown the large organic molecules that compose cells |
| if a protien is tagged with a mannose 6 phosphate tag what organelle does it go to | |
| what are lysosomes use to fight | to fight infection |
| what is autolysis | a process that destorys damaged and malfunctioning cells and organelles |
| what are peroxisomes | special lysomones |
| what is do they contain | a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and enzymes |
| what are their most abundant enzymes | is catalase |
| why do cells need atp | for energy |
| what does the mitochondria make | produces enrgy in the from of ATP to power cell processes |
| what does it require | oxygen and organic compounds like carbohydrates and lipids |
| What does aerobic metabolism mean? | it means it requires oxygen |
| Describe the structure of the mitochondria Cristae | thye have a unner membrane with numerous folds called cristaem that functional unit of the mitochondria |
| Describe the structure of the mitochondria: matrix | the fluid around cristae |
| What is the energy molecule produced? | mitochondria takes chemical energy from food (glucoes) and prodcues the energy molecule ATP |
| Why do we need oxygen (O2)? | it is used to break down food and help produce ATP and give off carbon dioxide as a waste product |
| What is a waste of cellular respiration? | carbon dioxide |
| What is the equation? | C6H12O6 +6O2 -> 6CO2 +6H2O + [36-38 ATP per glucose] |
| List and describe the 3 metabolic pathways of cellular respiration: | glycolysis - does not require oxygen (anerobic) - glucose is converted to pyruvic acid in the cytosol, makes 3 ATP's |
| List and describe the 3 metabolic pathways of cellular respiration: | citric acid cylce - requires oxygen (aerobic ) - pyruvic acid to CO2, makes 2 ATP's |
| List and describe the 3 metabolic pathways of cellular respiration: | oxidative phophorylation - areobic - occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane - makes 34- 36 ATP's |
| What is the largest organelle of the cell | the nucleus |
| What does it contain? | most of the cells DNA |
| What is the function | as th controld center for proteins synthesis and cell activities |
| Define the following structures of the nucleus: Nuclear envelope | the double cell membrane surrounding the nucleus |
| Define the following structures of the nucleus: Perinuclear space | space between the two layers of nuclear envelope |
| Define the following structures of the nucleus: Nuclear pores | passage way from nuclesus to cytoplasm |
| Define the following structures of the nucleus: Nucleoplasm | cytoplasm if nucleus |
| Define the following structures of the nucleus: Nuclear matrix | cytoskeleton of nucleus |
| Define the following structures of the nucleus: Nucleolus | center fo rRNA synthesis, contians RNA, enzymes and histones |
| In what form is the DNA in of non-dividing cells | nucleosome |
| In what form is the DNA in of dividing cells? | chromatin |
| How many chromosomes do human cells have | 23 pairs or 46 total |
| What is protein synthesis? | each protein is composed of a sequence of amino acids |
| What determines the sequence of amino acids | by genes |
| What is a gene | a sequence of DNA that code for specific protein |
| List the 3 steps of protein synthesis: | gene activatio |
| List the 3 steps of protein synthesis: | transciption |
| List the 3 steps of protein synthesis: | translation |
| What is gene activation | the DNA must be split which begins a process called gene activation |
| Where does each gene begin? | with a region called promoter |
| What does this segment of DNA do? | a segement of DNA that tell the cell machinery to read a gene and express it protein |
| What is the function of RNA polymerase? | binds to hte promoter region of a gene |
| What does it produce | a product called messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| Where does that go | leaves the nucleus of the cell |
| Why does mRNA leave rather than DNA? | the DNA is too large to leave the nucleus pores |
| How does mRNA compare to the DNA it is made from? | is comlimentary to the DNA, meaning that it pairs with the DNA strands |
| List the two strands of DNA used in gene expression: describe them in terms of what they do | coding strands - contains the triplet of DNA that codes for the amnio acids |
| List the two strands of DNA used in gene expression: describe them in terms of what they do | template strand - used to produce the mRNA |
| How does the mRNA strand compare to the template strand | the mRNA strand will look identical to the coding strand of DNA, except instead of thymine (T), it will posses uracil (U) |
| What are codons? | a sequence of 3 nucleotides that codes for a single amino acid - found on both DNA strands and mRNA, there are a total of 64 codons coding for 20 amino acids |
| Define the two types of codons below: sense codons | any codon that codes for amino acids - there are 61 sense codons |
| Define the two types of codons below: nonsense codons | stop codons (3) |
| List and describe the 3 steps of transcription | UAA |
| List and describe the 3 steps of transcription | UGA |
| List and describe the 3 steps of transcription | UAG |
| Where does transcription begin | begins wiht a promoter |
| Where does transcription end? | ends iwht a stop codon |
| What happens after the end of transcription to the mRNA? | it is then further processed by the cell |
| what are introns | are non-coding sequences and are removed from the mRNA |
| What are exons? | the rremaining coding regions and are spliced together and leave the nucleus |
| What is protein synthesis | the assembling of functional polypeptides in the cytoplasm |
| What is translation? | protein synthsis going from the mRNA |
| Where does translation occur | occurs outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm or the rough ER |
| Why is it called translation? | because we go from the language of nucleic acids (mRNA) to the language of amino acids (proteins) |
| Where does translation begin? | with the start codon |
| Where is the start codon located | a segment of mRNA that follows the promoter |
| How are amino acids brought to the ribosome | using a transfer RNA (tRNA) |
| What is an anticodon? | a tRNA contains a sequence that is complimentary to the mRNA sequence call the anticodon |
| What strand does the anticodon resemble | the coding strande of DNA |
| What is the difference | thymine is replaced with uracil |
| Where does the process end | once the stop codon has been reached |
| What does the cell membrane serve as | as a barrier; however it is not perfect |
| Is the cell self-sufficient? | no it is not |
| What must it acquire | nutrients |
| What must it remove | waste products |
| Define the following terms: impermeable | nothing gets in or out |
| Define the following terms: freely permeable | anything gets in or out |
| Define the following terms: selectively permeable | only what can get in, gets in, and only what can get out, gets out |
| What type of permeability does the cell membrane have | selectively permeable |
| What does that mean | only certain things can get out and only certain things can get in |
| 4 factors determine permeability, list, and describe them | size - small molecuels diffuse better |
| 4 factors determine permeability, list, and describe them | electrical charge - non charged, or nonpolar molecules diffuse better |
| 4 factors determine permeability, list, and describe them | molecular shape - bulky molecules don't fit |
| 4 factors determine permeability, list, and describe them | lipud solubilty - cell mebrane is most lipids, so lipid soluble molecules diffuse better |
| By what 2 means can a substance cross the cell membrane? List and describe | passively - requires no energy |
| By what 2 means can a substance cross the cell membrane? List and describe | actively - requires energy, mostly in the form of ATP |
| What is diffusion? | is the passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| What is a concertation gradient and how does it impact diffusion? | when one ide of a system has a higher concentration than the other, this is referred to as a concentration gradient. diffusion stops through the entire system |
| What is equilibrium? | the equal concentration through the entrie system |
| List and describe the 2 types of diffusion: | simple diffusion - non-polae substance diffue throuhg the lipid portion of the cell membrane |
| List and describe the 2 types of diffusion: | faciliated diffusion - also called channel mediated diffusion |
| What is osmosis | the diffusion of water |
| What is osmolality? | the exact number of particles dissolved in water |
| What is tonicity | the effect of the extracellular fluid has on the cell to lose or gain water |
| Why does water attract solutes? | because anything that dissolves in water is hydrophilic and will attract water to itself because water is polar |
| What is osmotic pressure | the force generated when pure water moves into an area of higher solute concentration |
| What is hydrostatic pressure? | the force generated from pushing against a fluid |
| Describe the 3 tonicities, describe what will occur with water and what the solutions on the inside and outside of the cells are like: isotonic | isotonic - does not cause osmotic flow - equal concentration on both sides - since the ECF is equal to the ICF there is no net movement of water |
| Describe the 3 tonicities, describe what will occur with water and what the solutions on the inside and outside of the cells are like: hypotonic | hypotonic - causes water to flow into the cell -low concentration of solutes in the ECF - results in swelling and possibly bursting the cell |
| Describe the 3 tonicities, describe what will occur with water and what the solutions on the inside and outside of the cells are like: hypertonic | hypertonic - causes water to move out - high concentration of solutes in the ECF -results in shriveling cells |
| what type of proteins are carrier proteins | are integral proteins that carry ions or other water-soluble substances across the cell membrane |
| Define these terms: Cotransport/symport | carries two substances at one time, in the same direction across the cell membrane |
| Define these terms: Countertransport/antipor | carries two substances across the cell membrane in opposite direction |
| What is passive transport through a protein? | transports hydrophilic substances such as glucose, ions, or any water-soluble substances |
| How does it move substances | it requires the proteins to change shape |
| What does active transport require | requires energy,ATP |
| How can it move substances | transports materials through the cell membrane using energy. the only transport that can go against the gradients, low to high |
| What is primary active transport? | the active transporter that uses energy to transport |
| What is the most important primary active transport protein in the body | sodium potassium ATPase pump |
| For every ATP it brings _____ _____ into the ICF and kicks out ____ _____ into the ECF | 2k+ & 3Na+ |
| What fluid will have a high K+ concertation? | ICF |
| What fluid will have a low Na+ concentration | ICF |
| What fluid will have a low K+ concertation | ECF |
| What fluid will have a high Na+ concentration | ECF |
| What fluid will have a slightly positive charge? | ECF |
| What fluid will have a slightly negative charge? | ICF |
| What is secondary active transport? | is driven by primary active transport -does not require energy |
| What is vesicular transport? | the bulk movement of material in or out of the cell using a vesicle |
| Active or passive | active - meaning it requires ATP |
| There are 2 types of vesicular transport, list and describe | endocytosis - transports into the cell using a vesicle |
| There are 2 types of vesicular transport, list and describe | exocytosis - transport out of the cell using a vesicle |
| list the 3 types of endocytosis | receptor mediated endocytosis |
| list the 3 types of endocytosis | pinocytosis |
| list the 3 types of endocytosis | phagocytosis |
| What is an endosome | the vesicles of endocytosis |
| What is a coated vesicle | in receptor mediated endocytosis the edosome is called a coated vesicle |
| What is a pinosome | in pinocytosis the endosome is called a pinosome |
| What is a phagosome | in phagocytosis the endosome is called a phagosome |
| Describe receptor mediated endocytosis | - a selective type of endocytosis -receptors on the cell surface bind to target molecules called ligands -this will transport them into a vesicle |
| Describe pinocytosis | "cell drinking" the bulks transport of ECF into the cell using a vesicle |
| Describe phagocytosis: | "cell eating" the bulk transport of solid materials, such as bacterial cells |
| What is exocytosis | transport out of a cell using a vesicle |
| what occurs and how? | occurs when veasicless, composed of a phosphholipid bilayer fuse the outer cell membrane |
| What are daughter cells? | when a single cell divides to become a pair of daughter cells, happens during cell division |
| What is apoptosis? | cell have a life span, and many cells will self destruct, in a programed cell death called apoptosis |
| What does cell division require? | the accurate duplication of DNA |
| Nuclear DNA is wound up in 2 sets of ___________________________ | chromosomes |
| How many chromosomes do humans have | contain 46 chromosomes |
| What are chromatids | DNA coils tightly into chormatids |
| What are sister chromatids | two chromatids located on the same chromosome are called sister chromatids |
| What are their genetic similarity like | they are genetically identical to each other |
| What is a centromere? | chromatids connect at a centromer |
| What is a Kinetochore | the area around the centromers where microtubules bind is called the kinetochore |
| What does cell division do | a single cell divides to produce a pair (2) daughter cells |
| what is DNA replication? What is it used for? | the replication of genetic material, this happens when the cells genetic material is replocated accurately |
| What is mitosis? | the division of the contents of the nucleus of somatic cells |
| What is meiosis | the production of sex cells/gametes |
| Compare mitosis with meiosis below | mitosis used to produce somatic cells, makes exact copies, all cells posses 2 copies of each of the chromosomes (diploid) (46 & 46) meiosis: used ot produce sex cells, makes non-identical copies, all cells posses only 1 copy of each chromosomes (haploid) |
| What enzyme makes DNA strands during replication | DNA polymerase |
| what are the functions of this enzyme | synthesize new DNA strands by adding complementary nucleotides ot a template strand during proccess like DNA replication and repair |
| List the 3 phases of the cell cells, describe what is occurring and list any sub phases and describe them | interphase - most of a cell's life is spent in a non-dividing state. interphase is composed of 3 smaller phases: G1- growth phase, duplication of organelles S - DNA synthesis/replication G2 - protein synthesis |
| List the 3 phases of the cell cells, describe what is occurring and list any sub phases and describe them | mitosis (m phase) - divides genetic material |
| List the 3 phases of the cell cells, describe what is occurring and list any sub phases and describe them | cytokinesis - divides cytoplasm and organelles into two genetically identical daughter cells |
| List and describe the events of the 5 phases of mitosis | prophase/early prophase - begins when the chromatin condenses, and chromosomes becomes visible as single structures - an array of microtubules called spindle fibers extend between the centriole pairs |
| List and describe the events of the 5 phases of mitosis | prometaphase - as a result of DNA during the S phase, two copies of each chromosome now exist |
| List and describe the events of the 5 phases of mitosis | metaphase - begins as the chromotids move to a narrow central zone called the metaphase plate |
| List and describe the events of the 5 phases of mitosis | anaphase - begins when the centromere of each chromatid pair splits, and the chromatids seperate the two sister chromatids are now pulled toward opposite ends of the cell along the chromosmal microtubules |
| List and describe the events of the 5 phases of mitosis | telophase - each new cell prepares to return to the interphase state |
| Cytokinesis (describe what occurs here) | is the division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells |
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