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Chap 3/4/5 environm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Domain Archaea | Prokaryotic (simple, unicellular organism) Live in extreme conditions |
| Domain bacteria | Prokaryotic cells Used to make yogurt, cheese |
| Domain Eukarya | All eukaryotic organisms Four kingdoms |
| Prokaryote | Bacteria--simple, unicellular organisms |
| Eukaryotic | Nuclei and other membrane bound organelles |
| Taxa | Any level of grouping of organisms with easily observable common characteristics |
| Know order of the kingdoms King Philip Cried out for... | D K P C O F G S |
| How many different kingdoms? | Four Fungi, plantae, protista, animalia |
| Most specific kingdom? | Species |
| What is a species? | Species is a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another to produce fertile offspring |
| Domain | Broadest classification of living things Two domains contain prokaryotes, but only one eukaryotic domain |
| Bacteria | Domain bacteria contains prokaryotic cells |
| Archaea | Prokaryotic Lives in extreme environments.. Methanogen Thermophiles Halophiles |
| Eukarya | Domain eukarya is all eukaryotic organisms Four kingdoms |
| Member of eukaryotic organisms Includes yeast and molds | Fungi |
| Eukaryotic organisms that is not an animal, land plant, or fungus Eukaryote that lacks a multicelluar stage | Protist |
| Multicellular organisms that can breath, move, etc | Animalia |
| Major taxonomic group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms that typically produce own food through photosynthesis | Plantae |
| Genetic change in group of organisms through time Generally takes a long time (millions of years) | Evolution |
| Natural selection | Best traits continue Natural selects |
| Exponential growth | population growth exponentially |
| Adaptations | Specific adaptations are more likely to be represented in next generations |
| carrying capacity | max number of individuals that can be supported by the resources |
| predator/prey relationship | one eats the other |
| Antagonistic relationship | predator/prey Parasitism Parasitim-one form of symbiosis |
| population | all of the organisms of one species in one area at one time |
| logistic growth | starts of exponential growth, but levels off approaching carrying capacity |
| parasitism | parasite benefits, host is harmed tapeworm |
| symbiosis | animals that live together two species with close relationships Three types: mutualism, commensalism, parasitism |
| Mutualism | both partners benefit ants and acacia trees |
| commensalism | one partner benefits other not affected ex. remoras and whale sharks |
| frequent in herds, strong family ties herd of elephants | clumped distribution |
| evenly spaced penguins in a group nesting animals | uniform distribution |
| no pattern wildflowers growing randomly in a meadow | random distribution |
| produces lots of offspring, small and cheap reaches reproductive age early | R-selected species guppies, frog, mice, rabbits |
| Larger organisms mature later have one or gew offsring at a time | K-selected species Humans |
| levels of biological structures and systems | ecological organization |
| ecology | study of organisms and their interactions with their surroundings Includes other living things and nonliving environment |
| all of the organisms of one species in one area at a time | population |
| all of the living things in one area at a time | (all of the trees, shrubs, grasses, bacteria, in a forest area) community |
| all of the living and nonliving (abiotic) in one area at one time | ecosystem |
| portion of earth that contains life | biosphere |
| food web | series of food chains in an ecosystem |
| trophic level | organism's feeding status within an ecosystem Most consumers have multiple food sources |
| producers (autotrophs) | organisms that photosynthesize plants, algae, phytoplankton, cyanobacteria |
| consumers (heterotrophs) | organisms that gain energy by consuming other organisms (animal, bacteria, fungiP |
| herbivores | eat producers (plants) |
| carnivores | eat other consumers (herbivores, carnivores) |
| Omnivores | eat both consumers (plants) and consumers (herbivores and carnivores) |
| scavengers | clean up carcasses of larger animals... vultures, jackals |
| detritovores | consume litter, debris, and dung--ex. ants, beetles |
| decomposers | complete the final breakdown and recycling of organic materials |
| keystone species | if removed, entire ecosystem falls apart |
| cold and dry high winds, frequent snowstorms, few woody plants snowshoe hares, polar bears poor soil, relative drought | arctic tundra |
| fairy cold, temperate, and dry poor soils due to slow decomposition mostly coniferous trees lynx wolves | taiga (boreal forest) |
| four seasons, trees lose leaves in fall, warmer and wetter than taiga oak, ash, beech, maple trees, small shrubs, chipmunks, deer, cardinals, wild turkeys | deciduous forest |
| frequent fires, keeps woody plants in check less moisture than deciduous forest deep roots of grasses--fertile, rich soils | grasslands |
| grassland w/ scattered trees raindy and dry seasons--more water than deserts poaching, drought, habitat loss zebras, lions | savanna |
| treeless biome at top of mountaintops short cool summers, long freezing winters | alpine tundra |
| high precipitation, very stable temps plants: trees, shrubs, vines, ferns, flowering plants, etc Animals: insects, reptiles, amphibians, birds, mammals, inverts | tropical rainforests |
| Long, wet winter, short dry summer Large trees REDWOODS Many birds, deers, coyotes Deforestation, climate change, tourism | temperate rainforests |
| can be hot or cold little precipitation cacti, agave, short grasses rodents, scorpions, reptiles | deserts |
| hot dry summers, mild wet winters evergreens, shrubs, bushes, small trees reptiles, mule deer, roadrunners, fires, hunting, lack of precipitation | chaparral |
| in water marine or freshwater characterized by amount of sunlight reaching a particular area 97% of water is in ocean | aquatic biome |
| saltwater in oceans | marine |
| area between low and high tides | intertidal zone |
| from coastline to continental shelf Coral reefs specialized to this zone | neritic zone |
| highly productive areas coral has a "hard skeleton"--symbiotic relatioonship with algae in its cells Coral reefs bleaching due to high temperatures | coral reef |
| open ocean, surface to 200m deep | epipelagic zone |
| 200 to 1000 m down | mesopelagic zone |
| 1000 to 4000 m down... only light from bioluminescent organisms | bathypelagic zone |
| 4000 to 6000 m deep, 75% of ocean floor is in this zone | abyssal zone |
| 6000 m deep and below... deep sea trenches | hadal zone |
| estuaries | transition between marine and freshwater system where rivers meet oceans organisms must be adapted to mix of fresh and salt water |
| Freshwater running water | rivers and streams |
| freshwater standing water | lakes and wetlands |
| eutrophic | high in nutrients, caused by human activity and runoff |
| oligotrophic | low in nutrients- ex. lake in national forest, far away from humans |
| wetlands | may be permanent or temporary very important for water purification and for water storage removing wetlands on agricultural lands may lead to fines wetlands are very difficult to put back after they are drained |
| average age someone born at particular time and place is expected to live | life expectancy |
| oldest age an individual is known to reach human lifespan estimated to be 120 | lifespan |
| age class histogram shows percent population on x-axis, age bracket on y-axis | age pyramid |
| way to measure individuals impact on environment takes into account transportation, diet, etc. to estimate how much land required to support you personally | ecological footprint |
| areas where trash is compacted, placed, burried around 3000 | sanitary landfill |
| problems with landfill | -recycled materials enter -leachates contaiminates groundwater - risk of water -release of methane -not all trash contained |
| recycling | 35% in us higher in other countries--cost, inconvenience, confusion over what is recyclable |
| Strategy of deliberately ensuring that a current version of a product will become unusable, nonrepairable, or out of date | planned obsolescence |
| # of children women expect to have in a lifetime | total fertility rate |
| # of live births per 1,000 individuals in a population of geographical location of a year | crude birth rate |
| infant mortality rate | # of deaths per year of children under one year in a year |
| immigration | movement into a country |
| emigration | movement of people to other countries |
| refugee | individuals displaced from homes due to war or natural disasters |
| Factors that led to and repercussions of rapid population growth. | Decrease in manual labor, more automation Better working conditions Advancement in medicine, longer life expectancies Advancements in agriculture Better sanitation and public hygiene Refrigeration Access to clean water Female literacy |
| Impacts of education on the birth rate. | Total fertility rate: # of children women can expect to have in their lifetimes Varies by country US=1.78 in 2018 |
| Influences on family size | Birth control Cultural norms Pressure from partners 100 years ago–large families norm Children needed to work the land Now, majority of people live in urban areas Religious Economic Personal choice Female literacy |
| Impacts on population size | Government playing role in population control–China’s one child policy, strictly enforced Males favored over females… lopsided population Ended in 2016, problems persists |
| Interpreting age pyramids | Age pyramids–age class histograms Shows percent of population on x-axis, age brackets on y-axis |
| Fertility rate? Female literacy rate? | # of children a woman can expect to have in lifetime Crude birth # # of live births per 1,000 individuals in a population of a particular geographical area per year |
Created by:
ab4677