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psych test 2

TermDefinition
Accidental conditioning Learning that happens by chance when two things get linked together.
Classical conditioning Learning by connecting two things — one that naturally causes a reaction and one that doesn’t. Example: Pavlov’s dogs learned to drool when they heard a bell.
Operant conditioning Learning through rewards and punishments. Example: You study because it gets you good grades.
Positive reinforcement Adding something good to increase a behavior (like giving candy for good work).
Negative reinforcement Taking away something bad to increase a behavior (like removing chores if you behave).
Punishment Doing something to reduce bad behavior (like losing phone time).
Extinction When a learned behavior fades away because it’s no longer rewarded.
Insight Sudden understanding of a problem’s solution (“lightbulb moment”).
Latent learning Learning that happens without trying and shows up later.
Shaping Rewarding small steps toward a goal behavior.
Pavlov Scientist who studied classical conditioning using dogs and bells.
Attention Focusing on one thing while ignoring others.
Automatic processing happens without trying (like reading easy words).
Effortful processing needs focus and effort (like studying facts).
Memory construction Our brains fill in missing details; memories can be changed by bias or context.
Delta waves Slow brain waves during deep sleep (stage 4).
Consciousness Being aware of yourself and your surroundings.
Sleep deprivation Not getting enough sleep; causes tiredness and poor focus.
Freud’s view of the unconscious Unconscious mind hides feelings, memories, and desires.
Freud’s view of dreams Dreams show hidden wishes or feelings.
Repression Pushing painful memories into the unconscious mind.
Stages of sleep Different sleep levels (light → deep → REM).
Dream theories Dreams can show thoughts, help process emotions, or just be random brain activity.
Forgetting—Decay Memories fade if not used.
Forgetting—Interference Old and new memories mix up: Proactive: old info blocks new Retroactive: new info blocks old
Eyewitness testimony Memory of events can be wrong or changed by suggestion.
Sensory memory Holds info for a second (like a quick snapshot).
Short-term memory Holds info for about 20–30 seconds.
Long-term memory Holds info for a long time; nearly unlimited.
Encoding types Imagery: pictures Semantic: meaning Acoustic: sound
Algorithm Step-by-step method that always works to solve a problem.
Heuristic Quick shortcut to solve problems, but not always right.
Deductive reasoning Using rules or facts to reach a sure answer.
Inductive reasoning Making a general rule based on examples.
Language features Semanticity: words have meaning Generativity: can create new sentences Displacement: can talk about past/future
Language development Babbling → one word → short sentences → full sentences.
Whorfian hypothesis Language shapes how we think.
Concepts Logical concepts: clear rules (e.g., triangles have 3 sides) Natural concepts: formed from everyday experience (e.g., birds).
Created by: frschulz27
 

 



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