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NTR 450
Translational Research in Biobehavioral and Nutrition Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the term "nutrigenomics" refer to? | Study of how nutrients interact with genes to influence health |
| What is the primary goal of nutrigenomics? | To personalize nutrition based on genetic makeup |
| What does TO represent in translational research? | Basic research |
| What does T1 represent in translational research? | Translation to humans |
| What does T2 represent in translational research? | Translation to patients |
| What does T3 represent in translational research? | Translation to practice |
| What does T4 represent in translational research? | Translation to communities |
| What is the goal of T4 translation? | Achieving true benefit to society |
| What type of studies are included in T1? | Preclinical and animal studies |
| What type of studies are included in T2? | Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials |
| What type of studies are included in T3? | Phase 4 trials and clinical outcomes research |
| What type of studies are included in T4? | Population-level outcomes research |
| Which study type provides the highest quality of evidence? | Randomized controlled trials |
| Which study type has lower quality of evidence and higher risk of bias? | Cross-sectional studies and surveys |
| What type of literature is considered primary? | A scientific journal article written by a biologist |
| Why do scientific articles include abstracts? | To summarize the work, aid searchability, and assess importance quickly |
| Which section of a research article explains the study’s methods? | Methods |
| Where are statistics and figures typically found in a research article? | Results section |
| Which section explains the significance of findings? | Discussion |
| Which is not a basic section of a quantitative research paper? | Criticisms |
| What is a key difference between observational and randomized controlled studies? | Observational studies show correlation; RCTs can establish causation |
| Why can some studies that focus on adding or subtracting one specific thing be misleading? | Confounding factors like lifestyle and diet may influence results |
| Why is it risky to recommend supplements based on observational studies? | They may not prove causation and could have unintended effects |
| What does DGA stand for? | Dietary Guidelines for Americans |
| What is the purpose of the DGA? | To provide science-based recommendations for healthy eating to prevent chronic disease |
| Who develops the DGA? | USDA and HHS |
| What is the difference between the DGA Report and the Guidelines? | The Report summarizes scientific evidence; the Guidelines provide actionable recommendations |
| What is the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)? | A scoring system to assess diet quality based on DGA adherence |
| What are the HEI adequacy components? | Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy, protein, seafood/plant proteins, fatty acids |
| What are the HEI moderation components? | Refined grains, sodium, added sugars, saturated fats |
| What was the first USDA food guide called? | "Food for Young Children" (1916) |
| What was the Basic Seven guide focused on? | Nutrient adequacy without specific serving sizes |
| What did the 1979 Hassle-Free Guide add? | A fifth group for fats, sweets, and alcohol |
| What visual replaced the pyramid in 2011? | MyPlate |
| What does MyPlate emphasize? | Proportional balance of fruits, vegetables, grains, protein, and dairy |
| What is the minimum recommended aerobic activity for adults per week? | 150 minutes moderate or 75 minutes vigorous |
| How often should adults do muscle-strengthening activities? | At least 2 days per week |
| What is the recommendation for preschool-aged children? | Be active throughout the day with varied play |
| How much physical activity should children and teens get daily? | 60 minutes or more of moderate-to-vigorous activity |
| What additional activity should older adults include? | Balance training |
| Can benefits begin with small amounts of activity? | Yes, even short bouts have health benefits |
| What campaign promotes the PAG to consumers? | Move Your Way |
| What is the relationship between physical activity and chronic disease? | Regular activity reduces risk and improves outcomes for many chronic conditions |
| What are the two major types of clinical study designs? | Observational and experimental |
| What is the main difference between observational and experimental studies? | Observational studies observe without intervention; experimental studies test interventions |
| What do descriptive observational studies do? | Describe exposure and/or outcome without testing hypotheses |
| What do analytic observational studies do? | Measure associations between exposure and outcome |
| What is a case report? | A detailed description of an atypical clinical presentation in a single patient |
| What is a case series? | A group of similar atypical cases described together |
| What is a limitation of ecologic studies? | They attribute group-level characteristics without knowing individual-level data |
| What is a cross-sectional study? | A study that measures exposure and outcome at the same time |
| What is a key limitation of cross-sectional studies? | They cannot establish temporal relationships |
| What is a case-control study? | A study comparing people with a disease (cases) to those without (controls) to identify risk factors |
| What is matching in case-control studies? | Selecting controls similar to cases in characteristics like age, sex, and SES |
| What is a cohort study? | A study comparing exposed and non-exposed groups to assess disease incidence |
| What is the difference between prospective and retrospective cohort studies? | Prospective follows subjects forward in time; retrospective uses past records |
| What is a nested case-control study? | A case-control study within a defined cohort, matching on time and follow-up |
| What is a case-cohort study? | A study comparing cases to a sub-cohort without matching on time or follow-up |
| What are the three types of experimental trials? | Clinical trial, field trial, community trial |
| What is a randomized clinical trial? | A trial where subjects are randomly assigned to intervention or control groups |
| What is a cross-over trial? | A trial where subjects switch between intervention and control groups over time |
| What is a factorial trial? | A trial testing two independent interventions in four groups |
| What is block randomization? | Randomizing subjects in blocks to balance group sizes |
| What is stratified randomization? | Randomizing within strata based on covariates like age |
| What is blinding in clinical trials? | Concealing group allocation to reduce bias |
| What is a placebo? | An inert substance used to test the efficacy of an intervention |
| What is the placebo effect? | Positive outcomes from taking a placebo |
| What is the nocebo effect? | Negative outcomes from taking a placebo |
| What is bias in research? | Systematic error that distorts the estimate of an exposure’s effect |
| What is a field trial? | Tests preventive interventions in healthy populations |
| What does PICOTS stand for in research questions? | Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Type, Study design |
| What makes a poor research question? | Vague, irrelevant, or based on biased data |
| What is the hierarchy of evidence strength? | Systematic reviews > RCTs > Cohort > Case-control > Case reports |
| What is a randomized controlled trial (RCT)? | Subjects are randomly assigned to treatment or control groups |
| What is a cross-over RCT? | Subjects serve as their own controls by switching treatments |
| What are common biases in case-control studies? | Recall bias, selection bias, confounding |
| What was misleading about the left-handedness mortality study? | It failed to account for cultural shifts in handedness reporting |
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