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Stack #4541797
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What structures does air pass through to get to lung | air passes through the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, and trachea and then into the lungs |
| What are Cilia | small, hairlike projections - propel the mucus toward the larynx, so that the person can swallow or expectorate it (cough up and spit out). |
| What is the name of the Paranasal sinuses | Frontal, Ethmiod, Maxillary and Sphenoid |
| tonsils | - part of the lymphatic system, located in the oropharynx |
| adenoids | - part of the lymphatic system; located in the nasopharynx. If they become inflamed and enlarged, they may interfere with breathing |
| epiglottis | forms a hinged “door” at the entrance to the larynx. |
| larynx | sits between the pharynx and the trachea - vocal cords are located in the larynx |
| trachea | is made up of cartilage, smooth muscle, and connective tissue; is lined with mucous membrane; extends from the larynx to the bronchi; “windpipe” and carries air to the lungs. |
| Lower respiratory system anatomy | On inhalation, after passing through the nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea of the upper respiratory system, air enters the left and right bronchi, which branch off the trachea. The bronchi carry air into the lungs rt lung has 3 lobes lt lung 2lobes |
| Lower respiratory system anatomy | main bronchi divide into smaller and smaller bronchi and then divide into bronchioles that deliver the air to the alveoli right bronchus has less of an angle than the left bronchus; inhaled foreign objects tend to go into the right bronchus |
| Pleura | What surrounds and cushions the lungs |
| pleural cavity | is a potential space between the pleural layers where there is normally only a small amount of fluid – prevents friction |
| What system control respiration | central nervous system controls both involuntary and voluntary respiration via the pons and the medulla |
| vagus nerve | supplies the pharynx, larynx, respiratory airways, and lungs |
| The respiratory center is activated by changes in | Hydrogen ion levels (measured by pH) Carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels Oxygen (O₂) levels Signals travel via: The spinal cord and spinal nerves The peripheral nervous system The phrenic and intercostal nerves, which control the diaphragm and respiratory |
| Causes of Respiratory Disorders | Trauma Cardiac disease Emboli Other disorders of the heart and pulmonary blood vessels Harmful substances in the environment Bacteria, viruses, fungi Tabacco smoke, allergens Poisonous gases |
| Diffusion | - movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar-capillary membrane - takes place between the gas in the alveolar spaces and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries |
| Elastance | - extent to which the lungs are able to return to their original position after being stretched or distended. |
| Hypoxemia | deficient oxygenation of the blood. - clinically measured by Spo2. |
| Hypoxia | broad term referring to diminished availability of oxygen to the body tissues |
| Lung compliance | ability of the lungs to distend in response to changes in volume and pressure of inhaled air. |
| Perfusion | - delivery of fluid through the blood vessels to body tissues. |
| Pulmonary hygiene | methods used to clear secretions from the airways. |
| Resistance | force working against the passage of air. The major determinant is the radius of the airway |
| Respiratory failure | - abnormality of gas exchange with either an excess of carbon dioxide or a deficit of oxygen, or both. |
| Shunting | intrapulmonary shunting is the diverting of blood so that it does not take part in the gas exchange at the alveolar sites |
| Surfactant | - complex lipoprotein produced by cells lining the alveoli, which lowers surface tension within the alveoli. It prevents collapse of the lung by stabilizing the alveoli and decreasing capillary pressures. |
| Ventilation | - movement of air from the external environment to the gas exchange units of the lung and back to the environment. It can be spontaneous or done by a mechanical ventilator. Clinically measured by CO2. |
| Restrictive diseases | - decreased lung capacity or compliance expansion of the lung and chest wall is limited either by abnormalities in the bony structures or by inability of the lung tissue to expand. |
| Arthritis | stiffness of the chest wall and results in a decreased ability of the chest cavity to expand/contract. |
| Scoliosis and kyphosis | decrease the chest cavity size |
| Pneumothorax | (collapsed lung) diminishes lung surface |
| disorders of the lung | : pneumonia, atelectasis, pulmonary fibrosis increase stiffness and decrease lung volume |
| Neuromuscular disorders weaken the strength of the muscles of respiration: | MS, ALS, myasthenia gravis |
| Abnormal fluid collection | ascites, Pleural effusion |
| Obstructive pulmonary diseases | - characterized by problems moving air into and out of the lungs Asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis, OSA, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, ARDS - examples of obstructive lung diseases. |
| Risk for Respiratory Infection | • Age older than 65 years, Cigarette smoking,Residing in an extended care facility, Chronic respiratory disorders (includes asthma), Congenital or chronic cardiovascular disorders,Chronic renal disease,Diabetes mellitus or a chronic metabolic disorder |
| Preventing Respiratory Disorders | Practice hand hygiene frequently. Stay out of crowds, especially during cold and flu season. Refrain from smoking. Avoid known allergens as much as possible. Maintain adequate nutrition and obtain sufficient rest; helps keep the immune system healthy. |
| Smoking and Tobacco Cessation | 5 A’s Ask about tobacco use. Advise about the health benefits of quitting. Assess readiness to quit. Assist in creating a cessation plan. Arrange follow-up. |
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | Diagnostic visual examination of the nose, mouth, and throat (erythema, edema, exudates, discharge, palor, polyps, Throat culture, Tuberculosis test, Lung function tests, Peak flowmeter Lung biopsy |
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | Pulse oximetry, D-Dimer, Chest X-ray, CT and CT Angiography PET scan , V-Q scan |
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | Bronchoscopy– inspects bronchi, removal foreign objects, biopsy Laryngoscopy – visualization of larynx, biopsy Mediastinoscopy – scope inserted at suprasternal notch Crepitus, (air from pneumothorax), bleeding (cardiac tamponade) |
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | Thoracentesis – large bore needle into pleural space to withdraw fluid; instill medications Consent Monitor VS, breath sounds |
| Characteristics of Sputum and Possible Causes | Thick, tenacious, and “ropey”; difficult to cough up Chronic bronchitis, emphysema Scant, sticky, rust colored Pneumococcal pneumonia Frothy, pinkish, or blood-tinged Pulmonary edema Yellow, gray green, with foul odor or taste Pulmonary infection |
| Characteristics of Sputum and Possible Causes | Blood tinged, bloody, or blood streaked Tuberculosis, ulcerated pulmonary vessel, or bronchogenic carcinoma Large amounts Pneumonia or bronchitis Scanty Asthma Very thick and viscous Inadequate hydration |
| Diagnostic Tests | Arterial blood gases ABG drawn from an artery pH partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2) partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) bicarbonate level (HCO3–) oxygen saturation (SaO2) |
| Common Respiratory Patient Care Problems | Airway maintenance Risk of infection Alterations in nutrition and hydration Fatigue Altered breathing patterns |
| Clubbing of Fingers | This often indicates an underlying condition, most frequently a chronic low-oxygen state (hypoxia) from heart or lung diseases or congenital heart defects, though it can also be idiopathic (unexplained) or genetic |
| Hypoxemia early signs | Agitation Anxiety Changes in level of consciousness Disorientation Headache Irritability Restlessness Tachypnea |
| Hypoxemia late signs | Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias Cyanosis Decreased respiratory rate (bradypnea) Retractions |
| Causes of hypoxia and hypoxemia | Airway obstruction caused by a tumor, choking on a foreign body, thick mucus, or swollen airways,Anemia,Atelectasis , Chronic lung disease, Decreased cardiac output, High altitude, Hypoventilation, Poor peripheral circulation and Pulmonary embolus |
| Hypercapnia (hypercarbia) | retention of excessive amounts of CO2 result of hypoventilation, during which the usual amount of CO2 is not eliminated by exhalation |
| Hypocapnia | - carbon dioxide CO2 level in the blood is abnormally low occurs as a result of hyperventilation and can result in respiratory alkalosis. |
| Airway Maintenance | Cough – effective clearing of the airways and removing of the mucus When excessive – antitussive, expectorates (hydration) Deep breathing – decreases complications like pneumonia Mouth care Mechanical suctioning |
| Dyspnea | O2 administration as prescribed Pursed-lip and diaphragmatic breathing High Fowler position (for orthopnea – trouble breathing when supine) |
| Respiratory Failure | Respiratory failure is defined by arterial blood gases: arterial oxygen (PaO2) is below 50 mm Hg partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) is equal to or greater than 50 mm Hg |
| Respiratory Failure | Excessive levels of CO2 – body response: increasing the rate and depth of respirations Long term exposure to high CO2 – no reaction and adjustment CO2 accumulates and can cause decreased level of consciousness leading to coma |
| I can do all things thru CHRIST WHO STRENGTHENS ME | YOU GOT THIS!! |
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