Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Patho exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does depolarization mean? | Heart contracting |
| What does repolarization mean? | Heart is relaxing |
| What does automaticity mean? | Automatically beats |
| Where does the heartbeat begin? | SA node |
| What does rhythmicity mean? | Rhythm of the heart |
| What is a normal rhythm of the heart called? | Sinus |
| Where does the right side of the heart pump blood? | Deoxygenated blood to the lungs |
| Where does the left side of the heart pump blood? | Oxygenated blood to the body |
| What do arteries do? | Transport oxygenated blood to the body |
| What does systole mean? | Heart is contracting |
| What does diastole mean? | Heart is relaxing |
| What does contractility mean? | Strength of the contraction |
| What does perfusion mean? | Blood to the tissues |
| How do you assess perfusion? | Capillary refill |
| What does ischemia mean? | Lack of oxygen to the tissue |
| What does infarction mean? | Cellular death |
| Is infarction reversible? | No |
| How many heart valves are there? | 4 |
| How many heart valves sounds do you assess? | 5 |
| Where is the SA node? | Right atrium |
| Where is the AV node? | Lower right atrium on opposite side of SA node |
| What is the P wave showing? | SA node depolarization |
| What is QRS wave showing? | Contractability |
| What is T wave showing? | Repolarization |
| What is the protective sack around the heart called? | Pericardium |
| What is the muscle layer of the heart called? | Myocardium |
| What is the inner layer of the heart called? | Endocardium |
| What is the only shockable heart rhythm? | VFib |
| What is important to have during a code? | A scribe |
| What type of communication is needed for a code? | Closed loop |
| What does asystole appear as? | Flat line |
| What should you do if a pt is in asystole? | Call a code, begin CPR, give epi |
| How often should epi be given? | Every 3-5 minutes |
| What is the benefit of giving epi? | Is a vasopressor to constrict blood vessels to help restore a bp and hr |
| What is PEA? | A pulseless electrical activity |
| What should you do if a pt is in PEA? | Begin CPR and give epi |
| What is atrial fibrillation? | Atriums quivering |
| What is not working correctly during atrial fibrillation? | SA node |
| What is a risk associated with afib? | Risk of blood clot |
| What should you give a pt in afib? | Blood thinners/anticoagulants or calcium channel blockers |
| What is occurring during ventricular fibrillation? | Ventriculus are quivering |
| What should you do for pt in vfib? | Shock, CPR, epi |
| Why do you only do 2 minutes for a round of CPR? | Don't want low quality compressions |
| Why are Hs and Ts looked at? | To determine why patient is unresponsive, has no heartbeat, or not breathing |
| What are the 4 main electrolytes? | Sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium |
| What is oxygenation? | Amount of 02 in the blood |
| How do you check oxygenation? | Checked with a pulse ox |
| What is normal pulse ox reading? | 96-100 |
| What is COPD normal pulse ox reading? | 88-92 |
| Why do you want COPD pt to have lower pulse ox reading? | Do not wany to over oxygenate as it can cause more harm |
| What is perfusion? | Blood to the tissues |
| How is perfusion checked? | With capillary refill |
| What is guppy breathing? | Like a fish out of water |
| What is equation for cardiac output? | CO= SV x HR |
| What is central perfusion? | Amount of blood pumped by the heart to the whole body |
| What does central perfusion require? | Adequate cardiac function, blood pressure, and blood volume |
| What is tissue/local perfusion? | Amount of blood to target tissues |
| What does tissue/local perfusion require? | Patent vessels, adequate hydrostatic pressure, and capillary permeability |
| What is a varicose vein? | A vein with pooled blood |
| What causes varicose veins? | Pressure |
| What are the characteristics of a varicose vein? | Distended, tortuous, and palpable |
| What are the risk factors of varicose veins? | Age, female gender, family history, obesity, pregnancy, deep vein thrombosis, and prior leg injury |
| What is chronic venous insufficiency? | Inadequate venous return over a long period due to varicose veins or valvular incompetence |
| What causes color change in skin? | Lack of perfusion |
| What is commonly associated with unilateral swelling? | DVT |
| What is commonly associated with bilateral swelling? | Edema from congestive heart failure |
| What are pt with DVT at risk for? | Pulmonary embolisms from deep veins |
| What does embolism mean? | It travels and comes from elsewhere |
| What do thrombus cause? | Obstruction of the venous flow leading to increased venous pressure |
| What constant BP is considered hypertension? | 140/90 |
| What is primary hypertension? | Genetic and environmental factors |
| What is the most common form of hypertension? | Primary |
| What are the risk factors for primary hypertension? | High sodium intake, natriuretic peptide abnormalities, inflammation, and obesity |
| What is secondary hypertension? | Caused by another condition in the body that raises vascular resistance or cardiac output |
| What is malignant hypertension? | Rapidly progressive |
| What is the diastolic pressure in malignant hypertension? | >140 |
| What is the biggest risk of malignant hypertension? | Affects all body systems and organs |
| What medication can be given for malignant hypertension? | Vasodilator |
| What are the types of strokes? | Ischemic, hemorrhagic, and hypoperfusion |
| What does thrombotic mean? | Clot that begins there |
| What does embolic mean? | Clot comes from somewhere else |
| What is a TIA stroke? | "Mini stoke" that comes and goes |
| What is an ischemic stroke? | Blockage of blood flow due to a clot |
| What is a hemorrhagic stroke? | Brain bleeds due to trauma or high BP |
| Why is time important for ischemic strokes? | Last known well is able to determine if tPA can be given because it can only be given max 3 hours after a stroke |
| What does triple A mean? | Abdominal aortic aneurysm |
| What is complication of triple A? | If it gets too big it could burst and cause pt to bleed out |
| Can someone be stable with a triple A? | Yes, but must pay close attention to BP, heart healthy diet, and avoid trauma |
| What is an aneurysm? | Local dilation or outpouching of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber |
| What is a true aneurysm? | Bulging or enlargement of all three layers of the atrial wall |
| What is a false aneurysm? | A blood-filled cavity between the vessel and the surrounding tissue |
| What is the most susceptible to an aneurysm? | The aorta, especially abdominal |
| What are two causes of an aneurysm? | Atherosclerosis and hypertension |
| What can an aneurysm lead to? | Aortic dissection or rupture |
| What is the word for a vessel or airway free of obstruction? | Patent |
| What does an artery with inflammation cause? | Decreased blood flow |
| What causes a circular/circumferential look in the artery? | Decrease blood flow causes the blood to have to go around the block |
| What causes a saccular look in the artery? | Decrease blood flow causes the blood to go around the blockage on one side |
| What does a false aneurysm look like? | A stable vessel but a tear clots over |
| What is a dissecting aneurysm? | Means it ruptured into a sac |
| What is the most severe type of aneurysm? | Dissecting |
| What is Buerger disease? | An inflammatory disease of the peripheral arteries |
| What causes Buerger disease? | Autoimmune |
| What is Buerger's disease strongly associated with? | Smoking |
| What is Buerger's disease characterized by? | By the formation of thrombi filled with inflammatory and immune cells |
| Where is Buerger's disease commonly seen? | In small and medium sized arteries of the hands and feet |
| What does Buerger's disease cause? | Necrosis leading to amputations |
| Is Buerger's disease reversible? | No |
| What is Raynaud's disease? | Episodic vasospasm in arteries and arterioles of the fingers and sometimes the toes |
| When is the Raynaud phenomenon common? | If cold, exercise, smoking, and high elevation |
| Is Raynaud's phenomenon reversible? | Yes |
| What is the most common cause of coronary artery disease? | Atherosclerosis |
| What is coronary artery disease? | Any vascular disorders that narrow or occlude the coronary arteries leading to myocardial ischemia |
| Is ischemia reversible? | Yes |
| What is arteriosclerosis? | Chronic disease of the arterial system that causes abnormal thickening and hardening of the vessel walls |
| What is atherosclerosis? | Form of arteriosclerosis that causes thickening and hardening of arterial wall with plaque development |
| What causes atherosclerosis? | Accumulation of lipid laden macrophages |
| What other condition can cause atherosclerosis? | Diabetes |
| What can ischemia lead to? | Infarction |
| What are the risk factors of atherosclerosis? | Diabetes, smoking, hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia, and hypertension |
| What is the progression of atherosclerosis? | Inflammation of endothelium, cellular proliferation, fatty streak, fibrous plaque, and complicated plaque |
| What are nonmodifiable risk factors of coronary artery disease? | Increased age, family history, male gender, female post menopause, and if unable to move |
| What are modifiable risk factors of coronary artery disease? | Dyslipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity/sedentary lifestyle, atherogenic diet, and alcoholism |
| What is myocardial ischemia? | Local and temporary deprivation of the coronary blood supply |
| What should you give during acute coronary syndromes? | MONA |
| What does MONA stand for? | Morphine, oxygen, nitro, and aspirin |
| What type of aspirin is given for acute coronary syndrome? | four 81 mg pills |
| What are types of acute coronary syndromes? | Transient ischemia, unstable angina, sustained ischemia, myocardial infarction, and myocardial inflammation and necrosis |
| What does an elevated ST wave indicate? | A massive heart attack |
| What does myocardial infarction cause? | Cellular death |
| What are the manifestations of myocardial infarction? | Sudden severe chest pain that may radiate, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, and dyspnea |
| What does diaphoresis mean? | Sweating |
| What are complications with myocardial infarction? | Sudden cardiac arrest due to ischemia, left ventricular dysfunction, and electrical instability |
| What test can be done on the heart? | Lab, ECG, cardiac stress test, and radiographic studies |
| What are the two types of cardiac stress test? | A physical (conducted on treadmill) and a nuclear (injected meds) |
| What is a CXR? | A chest x ray given to cardiac pt to rule out respiratory causing pain |
| What does an echocardiogram of the heart show? | Ejection fraction or pericardial effusion |
| What is pericardial effusion? | Accumulation of fluid |
| What are the 3 cardiac enzymes? | Troponin, myoglobin, and CRP |
| When is troponin present? | Any myocardial injury will show troponin in blood |
| What is myoglobin? | An oxygen bounded protein found in cardiac or skeletal muscles |
| When is CRP present? | Released by the liver if any inflammation is present |
| What does CRP stand for? | C reactive protein |
| What is looked at in CBC of cardiac? | Platelets, hemoglobin, WBC |
| What are the drug classes that are used for cardiac? | Vasodilators, vasopressors, diuretics, antidysrhythmic, cardio glycoside, anticoagulants, antiplatelet, thrombolytic, and antilipidemic |
| What do vasodilators do? | Dilate vessels |
| What do vasopressors do? | Constricts vessels |
| What can occur if you give vasopressors for a long time? | Necropsy or necrosis |
| What do diuretics do? | Helps with fluid overload |
| What do antidysrhythmic drugs do? | Blocks potassium or calcium to keep rhythm |
| What do cardioglycosides drugs do? | Helps contractility of the heart |
| What do anticoagulant drugs do? | Prevents blood clots |
| What are thrombolytic drugs? | Clot busters |
| What do antilipidemic drugs do? | Helps cholesterol |
| What does defibrillation do? | Stops quivering |
| What does a pacemaker do? | Stabilize heart rate |
| What is an angioplasty? | Minimally invasive procedure that opens arteries blocked by plaque to let blood flow more easily |
| What are the types of angioplastys? | Stent, ballon, and medications |
| What does an edartectomy do? | Removes plaque build up |
| What does thrombectomy do? | Removes blood clots |
| What is cardiomyopathy? | Hypertrophy of cardiac muscle |
| What is endocarditis? | Inflammation of the endocardium |
| What are the s/s of endocarditis? | Flu like symptoms, SOB, joint pain, and heart murmur |
| What is myocarditis? | Inflammation of the myocardium |
| What are the complications of endocarditis? | Embolic, heart valve damage, and heart failure |
| What are the s/s of myocarditis? | Signs of infection, abnormal heart sounds, and pericardial friction rub |
| What are the complications of myocarditis? | Heart failure |
| What are the s/s of pericarditis? | Chest pain, pericardial friction rub, neck vein distention, and fever |
| What is pericarditis? | Inflammation of the pericardium |
| What are the complications of the pericarditis? | Pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, chronic constrictive pericarditis |
| What does pericarditis intensify with? | Coughing, lying down, or deep inhalation |
| What eases pain associated with pericarditis? | Sitting up and leaning forward |
| What are the manifestations of infective endocarditis? | Fever, new or changed cardiac murmur, petechial lesions, olser nodes, janeway lesions, weight loss, back pain, night sweats, and heart failure |
| What is a petechial lesion? | Tiny spots that appear on the skin due to bleeding from small blood vessels |
| What is an olser node? | Painful nodules on the pads of fingers and toes |
| What are janeway lesions? | Nonpainful hemorrhagic lesions on the palms and soles |
| What are the s/sx of volume overload? | SOB, dyspnea, crackles, and pulmonary + peripheral edema |
| What are the manifestations of inadequate tissue perfusion? | Increase capillary refill, compromised renal function, fatigue, poor exercise tolerance, and compromised ADL function |
| What is the crackle sound in the lungs? | Fluid |
| What does heart failure mean? | Heart is unable to pump efficiently |
| How long is capillary refill during heart failure? | 5-6 second |
| Where does left sided heart failure back into? | The lungs |
| How does left sided heart failure effect pulmonary function? | Causes crackles, SOB, and blood-tinged frothy sputum |
| What causes left sided heart failure? | Pulmonary vascular congestion and inadequate perfusion of the systemic circulation |
| What are the s/sx of left sided heart failure? | Dyspnea, orthopnea, cough of frothy sputum, fatigue, decreased UO, and edema |
| What does physical examination of left sided heart failure reveal? | Pulmonary edema (Cyanosis, crackles, pleural effusions), hypotension or hyper, or evidence of hypertension or CAD |
| What is a pleural effusion? | Fluid buildup in the plural space |
| Where does the right side of the heart push to? | Lungs |
| Where does right sided heart failure push back to? | The body through the venous system |
| What type of pt usually have right sided heart failure? | COPD/respiratory disease |
| What is common to see with right sided heart failure? | Edema in abdomen and enlarged organs |
| What does ascites mean? | Edema in the abdomen |
| What is right sided heart failure commonly caused by? | diffuse hypoxic pulmonary disease |
| What does cor pulmonale mean? | An enlarged and failing right ventricle of the heart due to a lung condition |
| What type of exercise should be recommended with a pt with heart failure? | Mild such as walking |
| What should a heart failure pt be taught to monitor? | Their weight |
| What occurs in shock? | Cardiovascular system fails to perfuse the tissues adequately |
| What does shock lead to? | Impaired oxygen and glucose use |
| What manifestations are seen with shock? | Hypotension, tachycardia, and increased respiratory rate |
| What does cardiogenic mean? | Heart isn't pumping like it should |
| What does hypovolemic mean? | Low fluid volume |
| What does neurogenic mean? | Has to do with nerves |
| What does anaphylactic mean? | Something allergic to |
| What does septic mean? | Infection |
| What are the seven H's? | Hypovolemia, hypoxia, hydrogen atoms (acidosis), hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, and hypothermia |
| What are the fives T's? | Tension pneumothorax, tamponade (magnesium), toxins, thrombus (PE), and thrombus (MI) |
| What causes shock? | Cardiac pump failure |
| What does shock cause? | Increase SVR and decrease in CO |
| What causes shock? | MI, arrythmias, mechanical abnormalities, and extracardiac abnormalities |
| How is shocked identified? | Vitals |
| What are the cardinal signs of shock? | Low BP and high HR |
| What are respirations like in a pt with shock? | High to compensate for high HR |
| What is hypovolemic shock? | Shock caused by decreased preload due to intravascular volume loss |
| What does hypovolemic shock cause? | Decrease CO and increase SVR |
| What causes hypovolemic shock? | Hemorrhagic (trauma, GI bleed, hemorrhagic pancreatitis, fractures) and fluid loss induced (Diarrhea, vomiting, burns) |
| What is distributive shock? | Shock as a result of severely diminished SVR |
| What is increased in distributive shock? | Increased CO |
| What are the subtypes of distributive shock? | Septic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic |
| What is septic distributive shock? | Secondary to an overwhelming infection |
| What is anaphylactic distributive shock? | Secondary to a life-threatening allergic reaction |
| What is neurogenic distributive shock? | Secondary to a sudden loss of the autonomic nervous system function |
| What is multiple organ dysfunction syndrome? | Progressive dysfunction of two or more organ systems resulting from an uncontrolled inflammatory response to a severe illness or injury |
| What is the most common cause of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome? | Sepsis and septic shock |
| What is the mortality rate of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome? | 36-100% |
| What populations are at risk multiple organ dysfunction syndrome? | Vulnerable populations |
| What is a major cause of death in the first year of life other than prematurity? | Congenital heart defects |
| What are the risk factors for congenital heart defects? | Maternal rubella, increased age, diabetes, alcoholism, drugs, hypercalcemia, antepartal bleeding, prematurity, chromosome aberrations |
| What is coarctation of the aorta? | Narrowing of the lumen of the aorta that impedes blood flow |
| What is aortic stenosis? | Narrowing of the left ventricular outlet |
| What does aortic stenosis cause? | Increased workload on left ventricle and left ventricular hypertrophy |
| What is the normal pH of atrial blood gases? | 7.35-7.45 |
| What is the normal PaCO2 of arterial blood gases? | 35-45 mmHg |
| What is the normal HCO3 of arterial blood gases? | 22-26 mEq/L |
| What is HCO3 regulated by? | Kidneys |
| What is a concern when drawing arterial blood gases? | Bleeding |
| What are the 3 steps of ABG interpretation? | 1. Determine if acidosis or alkalosis is occuring 2. Determine if cause is respiratory or metabolic 3. Determine if there is compensation |
| What is respiratory acidosis? | Low pH, elevation of pco2 as a result of ventilation depression |
| What is respiratory alkalosis? | High pH, decreased pco2 as a result of alveolar hyperventilation |
| What is metabolic acidosis? | Low pH, decreased HCO3- or an increase in acids |
| What is metabolic alkalosis? | High HCO3- usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids |
| Is acidosis or alkalosis more common? | Acidosis |
| Where does compensation occur for respiratory acidosis? | Renal |
| Where does compensation occur for metabolic acidosis? | Respiratory |
| What causes respiratory acidosis? | Hypoventilation and severe pneumonia |
| What are the symptoms of respiratory acidosis? | Headaches, restlessness, and confusion |
| What are the causes of metabolic acidosis? | Diabetic ketoacidosis and renal failure |
| What type of diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis seen? | Type 1 |
| What are the symptoms of metabolic acidosis? | LOC changes and kussmaul respirations |
| What are Kussmaul respirations? | Deep labored breathing |
| What can metabolic acidosis result in? | Respiratory compensation (low CO2) |
| What is the cause of respiratory alkalosis? | Hyperventilation |
| What are the symptoms of respiratory alkalosis? | Headache and restlessness |
| What is the cause of metabolic alkalosis? | Excessive vomiting |
| What are the symptoms of metabolic alkalosis? | Dizziness, lethargy, muscle twitching/cramps, and tetany |
| Where does gas exchange occur? | Alveoli |
| What are the purposes of the lungs? | Gas exchange, activation of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, and blood reservoir |
| What are alterations in the pulmonary system categorized as? | Breathing and gas exchange |
| What is gas exchange? | Oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported from cells |
| What is acquiring oxygen? | Inspiration |
| What is removing carbon dioxide? | Expiration |
| What is tidal volume? | Amount of air inhaled and exhaled in each breath |
| What is forced expiratory volume? | Amount of force in 1 second used to exhale |
| What is residual volume? | Amount of air left in lung after expiration |
| What test is used to see how well a pt is ventilating? | Pulmonary function |
| What is a normal O2 SAT? | >95% |
| What is perfusion? | Movement of blood through the pulmonary capillaries How oxygen goes into blood |
| What is transport? | Availability and ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen from the alveoli to the cells and to carry carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism from the cells to the alveoli are to be eliminated |
| What could a decrease hemoglobin result in? | Decreased oxygen saturation |
| When does impairment of gas exchange occur? | When the diffusion of gases becomes impaired |
| How does the diffusion of gases become impaired? | Ineffective ventilation, inadequate perfusion, and reduced capacity for gas transportation |
| What is dyspnea? | Uncomfortable breathing |
| What is orthopnea? | Dyspnea when laying down |
| When is orthopnea common? | In heart failure |
| What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea? | Sudden severe shortness of breath that occurs a few hours before falling asleep or during sleep |
| What is hypoxia? | Decrease oxygen to tissues |
| What is hypoxemia? | Decreased oxygen to blood |
| what is ischemia? | Lack of oxygenation of the tissue |
| What is abnormal sputum color? | Yellow or green |
| What is normal sputum color? | Clear |
| What is hemoptysis? | Bloody sputum |
| What does hypoventilation lead to? | Hypercapnia |
| What is hypercapnia? | Excessive CO2 in blood |
| What does hyperventilation lead to? | Hypocapnia |
| What is cyanosis? | Turning blue |
| What is clubbing? | Change in nail bed angle |
| What is hypocapnia? | Low CO2 in blood |
| What is Cheyne-stokes? | A gradual increase in volume and frequency followed by gradual decrease in volume and frequency |
| How long are the apnea periods in Cheyne-stokes? | 10-30 seconds |
| What is Cheyne-stokes seen with? | Compromised cerebral perfusion |
| When are cheyne-stokes common? | At end of life |
| What do chyene-stokes mean there is a problem with? | Brain stem |
| What are the reasons for hypoventiliaton? | Decreased volume or rate |
| What causes a rate decrease? | Hypothermia, medications, and hypothyroidism |
| What causes a volume decrease? | Pain |
| What does pCO2 being high mean? | Respiratory acidosis |
| What is the reason for hyperventialiton? | Increased rate |
| What can cause an increased rate? | Anxiety, pain, fever, and exercise |
| What do respirations look like during a kussmaul and why? | Deep and rapid to get rid of CO2 |
| What is the ventilation perfusion ratio? | The amount of air that reaches alveoli divided by the amount of blood flow in the capillaries of the lungs |
| What is a ventilation perfusion mismatch? | Part of lung receives oxygen without blood flow or blood flow without oxygen |
| What does ventilation perfusion mismatch cause? | Hypoxemia and hypercapnia |
| What is a shunt? | Reduced ventilation |
| What is deadspace? | Reduced perfusion |
| What laboratory assessments are done for respiratory system? | ABGs and sputum |
| What noninvasive diagnostic assessments are done for respiratory system? | Pulse ox and pulmonary function tests |
| What are invasive diagnostic assessments done for respiratory system? | Bronchoscopy and thoracentesis |
| What is an upper airway obstruction? | Interruption in airflow through nose, mouth, pharynx, or larynx |
| How severe is an upper airway obstruction? | Life threatening and early recognition is essential |
| What is a partial upper airway obstruction? | Can cough or talk |
| What is a complete upper airway obstruction? | Cannot talk or cough |
| What is obstructive sleep apnea? | Obstruction that occurs at nighttime |
| Why does obstruction occur at nighttime during obstructive sleep apnea? | Decreased respiratory rate |
| What are the risk factors of obstructive sleep apnea? | Obstruction by soft palate or tongue, obesity, large uvula, short neck, smoking, large tonsils or adenoids, and oropharyngeal edema |
| Are men or women more at risk of obstructive sleep apnea? | Men |
| What age does obstructive sleep apnea become a higher risk? | After age 65 |
| What hx is important for an obstructive sleep apnea assessment? | Persistent daytime sleepiness and snoring |
| What psychosocial assessment is important for a sleep apnea assessment? | Irritability and personality changes |
| What questionnaire is beneficial during an obstructive sleep apnea? | Stop Bang |
| What is the stop bang questionnaire? | Snoring, tired during daytime, anyone observed stop breathing in sleep, high blood pressure, BMI over 35, age over 50, neck circumference, and gender |
| What does sleep apnea cause complications with? | Anesthesia |
| What are the consequences for obstructive sleep apnea? | Abnormal cardiovascular, metabolic, and neural function due to persistent hypoxia and loss of restorative sleep |
| What are examples of chest trauma? | Pulmonary contusion, rib fracture, pneumothorax, hemothorax, and tension pneumothorax |
| What is pulmonary contusion? | Bruising of the lung |
| How severe is a pulmonary contusion? | Potentially lethal |
| Why is a pulmonary contusion so dangerous? | Asymptomatic at first |
| What does a pulmonary contusion cause? | Decreased breath sounds, crackles, and wheezes |
| What is an example of deadspace and why? | A pulmonary contusion because blood can't get through |
| What are symptoms of a rib fracture? | Pain on movement and chest splinting |
| How do uncomplicated rib fractures heal? | Spontaneously |
| How are rib fractures treated? | They can't be treated but pain can be managed |
| What is pneumothorax? | A collapsed lung |
| What is pneumothorax common with? | Rib fracutre |
| What happens during pneumothorax? | Air accumulates in the pleural space, and it accumulates in that space which in tern puts pressure on the aorta and heart causing decrease BP and hypoxia |
| What will a pneumothorax sound like? | No breath sounds or diminished on that side |
| What is pleural effusion? | A buildup of fluid |
| What can cause a pleural effusion? | Can be caused by infection, blood, pus, ect |
| What is tension pneumothorax? | When air enters the pleural space and cannot escape |
| What is pulmonary embolus? | An occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by a thrombus, embolus, tissue fragment, lipids, or an air bubble |
| Where doe pulmonary emboli commonly come from? | Deep veins in the lower leg |
| Is a pulmonary embolism a shunt or deadspace? | Deadspace |
| What is a major risk factor for pulmonary embolism? | Prolonged immobilization |
| What s/s of pulmonary embolism should be assessed for? | hypoxia and hypoxemia |
| What lab assessment should be done for a pulmonary embolism? | ABGs |
| What worsens an airway obstruction? | Expiration |
| What are the clinical manifestations of airway obstructions and when are they heard? | Dyspnea and wheezing heard on expiration |
| What are common obstructive disorders? | Asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis (COPD) |
| What is asthma? | Chronic inflammatory disorders |
| What does asthma cause? | Hyperresponsiveness of the airways |
| What are the clinical manifestations of asthma? | Cough, expiratory wheeze, SOB, and tachypnea |
| What is COPD characterized by? | Persistent airflow limitation |
| Is COPD progessive? | Yes |
| What are the risk factors of COPD? | Tobacco smoke, occupational dust and chemicals, and air pollution |
| What is chronic bronchitis? | Hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough |
| What is different about mucus in chronic bronchitis? | Its thicker |
| What are pt with chronic bronchitis at higher susceptibility to? | Pulmonary infections |
| What does blue bloaters mean? | More likely to have cyanosis and edema |
| What condition is blue bloaters seen with? | Chronic bronchitis |
| What is emphysema? | Abnormal permanent enlargement of the gas exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis |
| Where is the damage in emphysema? | To alveoli (become thick or harden) |
| What does emphysema cause? | Loss of elastic recoil effecting gas exchange |
| Is a productive cough seen in chronic bronchitis? | Classic sign |
| Is dyspnea seen in chronic bronchitis? | Late in course |
| Is wheezing seen in chronic bronchitis? | Intermittent |
| Is history of smoking seen in chronic bronchitis? | Common |
| Is barrel chest seen in chronic bronchitis? | Occasionally |
| Is prolonged expiration seen in chronic bronchitis? | Always present |
| Is cyanosis seen in chronic bronchitis? | Common |
| Is chronic hypoventilation seen in chronic bronchitis? | Common |
| Is polycythemia seen in chronic bronchitis? | Common |
| Is cor pulmonale seen in chronic bronchitis? | Common |
| Is productive cough seen in emphysema? | With infection |
| Is dyspnea seen in emphysema? | Common |
| Is wheezing seen in emphysema? | Common |
| Is hx of smoking seen in emphysema? | Common |
| Is barrel chest seen in emphysema? | Classic sign |
| Is prolonged expiration seen in emphysema? | Always present |
| Is cyanosis seen in emphysema? | Uncommon |
| Is chronic hypoventilation seen in emphysema? | Late in course |
| Is polycythemia seen in emphysema? | Late in course |
| Is cor pulmonale seen in emphysema? | Late in course |
| What is aspiration? | Passage of fluid and solid particles into the lungs |
| What is atelectasis? | Alveoli stick together causing shallow breathing |
| What is acute bronchitis? | Inflammation of the large airways |
| What is acute bronchitis normally follow? | A common cold |
| What type of infection is pneumonia? | Lower respiratory tract infection |
| What causes pneumonia? | Bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, and parasites |
| How is pneumonia spread? | Healthcare/hospital acquired, or community acquired |
| What are the types of pneumonia? | Bacterial or viral |
| What type of bacteria causes bacterial pneumonia? | Pneumococcal |
| What is the most common and most lethal type of community acquired pneumonia? | Pneumococcal bacterial |
| What does bacterial pneumonia cause? | An intense inflammatory response |
| What type of pneumonia is associated with covid? | Viral |
| Which type of pneumonia is seasonal and self-limiting? | Viral |
| What is viral pneumonia usually proceeded by? | Viral URI |
| What type of pneumonia is less severe? | Viral |
| What are the routes of pneumonia? | Aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions, inhalation of microorganisms, endotracheal tubes/mechanical ventilation, and bacteria spread to the lungs from the blood |
| How can bacteria get into the lungs? | From aspirations |
| What pt are at risk of aspiration? | Stroke, Parkinson's, MS, children, and myasthenia gravis |
| What are the clinical manifestations of pneumonia? | Sudden unset of fever/chills, cough, sputum production, fatigue, loss of appetite, breathing (dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, pleuritic pain, and crackles in the lungs) |
| What are the clinical manifestations of viral manifestations? | Presents with cough without fever |
| What are clinical manifestations of bacterial manifestations? | Fever, chills, shortness of breath, increased productive cough, abnormalities as crackles or decreased breath sounds |
| What is the cause of tuberculosis? | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| What does tuberculosis effect? | Lungs but could spread |
| Is tuberculosis contagious? | Highly |
| How does tuberculosis spread? | Airborne |
| What are the clinical manifestations of active tuberculosis? | Fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, cough, low grade fever, and night sweats |
| What are the clinical manifestations of latent tuberculosis? | None |
| Where is latent tuberculosis? | In granulomas |
| What are the clinical manifestations of disease progressive tuberculosis? | Dyspnea, chest pain, and hemoptysis |
| Can latent TB be spread? | No |
| Do you feel sick with latent TB? | No |
| What does a Mantoux test of tuberculosis test for? | If you have antibodies present after being exposed |
| What is the only way to confirm TB? | A sputum test |
| What does the TB vaccine cause? | A positive TB screen |
| Is TB vaccine in US vaccination schedule? | No |
Created by:
emilychaltraw