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unit 4 mircobio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Noncyclic photophosphorylation employs which photosystem(s)? | both photosystem 1 and 2 |
| What is the fate of electrons in noncyclic photophosphorylation? | Reduce NADP+ to NADPH |
| What is the fate of the NADPH molecules created during noncyclic photophosphorylation? | They are used in the calvin-benson cycle |
| What is the role of water in cyclic photophosphorylation? | it provides electrons and protons |
| Where do the electrons from photosystem I ultimately go after they are passed through the electron transport proteins? | they return to photosystem 1 |
| What drives the production of ATP in cyclic photophosphorylation? | proton gradient |
| Where does the energy to excite the electrons in photosystem I come from? | sunlight |
| Which of the following types of organisms uses hydrogen sulfide for reducing power? | purple sulfur bacteria |
| In which organism would you likely find a chlorosome? | green sulfur bacteria |
| Which of the following is a bacterium that performs oxygenic photosynthesis? | cyanobacteria |
| What is the key difference between photoheterotrophs and photoautotrophs? | phototheterotrophcs use organic compounds as their source, phototautotrophcs use carbon dioxide as their carbon source |
| Which of the following is a trait unique to photosynthetic eukaryotes? | the presence of chloroplasts |
| Two separate photosystems involved in electron flow is a hallmark of | oxygenic phototroph |
| The only organisms that perform photosynthesis are ones that produce some form of | chlorophyll or bacterochlorophyll |
| The metabolic diversity of photosynthetic bacteria stems from different | light-harvesting complexes, electron donors, and organic compounds |
| At some of the lowest light concentrations, ________ can still grow well due to their ________, which effectively harvest photons for energy. | green bacteria / chromosomes |
| Which of the following is NOT a role of carotenoids? | to produce singlet oxygen |
| What is the function of the Calvin cycle in purple bacteria? | to incorporate inorganic carbon into an organic compound |
| Identifying carboxysomes in a bacterium suggests it | will use the calvin cycle to convert the concentrated CO2 into biomass |
| Why would some organisms need a metabolic pathway similar to glycolysis, such as the Entner-Doudoroff pathway? | to generate NADPH |
| The foul-smelling putrescine byproduct suggests activity of | amino acid fermentation by clostridia |
| Due to a chemical equilibrium, a syntrophic relationship can be disrupted if the product from the first partners metabolism is removed too quickly. | false |
| : involves the steps involved in the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate. | nitrification |
| : describes bacteria with the enzymes for both steps of nitrification | comammox |
| : involves the steps involved in the reduction of nitrate to ammonia. | denitrification |
| : is responsible for catalyzing the reaction that converts NH3 to hydroxylamine. | ammonia monooxygenase |
| : involves the oxidation of NH3 to NO2-. | the first step of nitrification |
| : involves the oxidation of NO2- to NO3-. | the second step of nitrification |
| Based on your knowledge of the action of ammonia monooxygenase and the information in the chapter, which of the following describes the way that methane monooxygenase catalyzes the methane oxidation? | adding oxygen |
| hese include natural systems, soil, groundwater, and engineered systems. What can we conclude from the discovery of these gene sequences? | There may be a variety of microbes that contain these genes. Comammox microbes may play a significant role in nitrification in both nature and in human environments. |
| Diazotrophs maximize nitrogenase activity by | producing specialized structures or fixing N2 at times when oxygen is absent to protect nitrogenase from oxygen. |
| Sulfide oxidizers are among the most ecologically diverse trophic groups because of the different strategies they employ to access sufficient amounts of sulfide and oxygen simultaneously. | true |
| In symbiotic associations between sulfur chemolithotrophs and eukaryotes such as tube worms and giant clams, the bacterial symbiont provides ________ while the host provides ________. | a carbon and energy source / stable sulfide and oxygen levels |
| What is the primary difference between dissimilative sulfur reducers and dissimilative sulfur oxidizers? | Dissimilative sulfur oxidizers use sulfur compounds as an energy source, while dissimilative sulfur reducers use sulfur compounds as terminal electron acceptors. |
| Dissimilatory sulfide-oxidizers use a variety of unique ecological strategies in order to | position themselves at interfaces where sulfide and oxygen meet. |
| Which of the examples below is the best example of anaerobic respiration? | An organism uses an electron transport chain with sulfur as the terminal electron acceptor. |
| Describe what cyclic phototrophy in Purple Bacteria is, and how this differs from non-cyclic phototrophy in Cyanobacteria. How do these differences relate to terms like ‘oxygenic’ and ‘anoxygenic’? | cyclic phototrophy (purple) - electrons cycle back to the same center, only ATP is produced, no oxygen is made. non cyclic phototrophy (cyano) - electrons move in one direction, ATP and NADPH is made, water is split and oxygen is made. |
| t/f All fermentation pathways rely exclusively on substrate-level phosphorylation for ATP production. Support your answer with an explanation of what substrate-level phosphorylation is and a brief description of at least 2 types of fermentation pathways. | true- all fermentation pathways make ATP using substrate-level phosphorylation. ATP is made directly in metabolic pathway. |
| your samples commonly contain both Green Sulfur Bacteria and various species of sulfur reducing bacteria. Describe the metabolism types of these two groups to explain why finding them in samples together is common | green sulfur - anoxygenic phototrophs that use light and oxidize H2S into elemental sulfur or sulfate. sulfur reducing- anaerobic repierators, use elemental sulfur or sulfate as an electron acceptor to reduce it back to H2S. they make sulfur cycle. |
| What are the 3 types of microbial metabolism that together complete the nitrogen cycle? Then, briefly describe the role of each metabolic group (how they contribute to the cycle). | nitrogen fixers - fix N2 gas into NH3 nitrifyers - convert NH3 to NO2 denitryfiers - anaerobic cellular resp of NO2 or NO3. |
| What is syntrophy? What is the benefit for microbes that form syntrophic relationships? | Symbiosis between two different species that benefit from energy. H2 is produced by one and shared to the other. Only works in obligate anaerobic. |
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