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Arch 210
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Architectural Criticism | Evaluation of an architectural monument against a set of defined criteria; can result in a judgment of value/quality |
| Architectural Appreciation | Individual reactions to an architectural monument, but also learning to see what's "good" in something |
| Architectural Interpretation/Analysis | Non-valuative; process of building an argument based on plausible related historical evidence, relating facts to context(s) |
| Physical Evidence | The building itself and the landscape in which it stands or stood. - Formal Analysis |
| Comparanda | Comparable buildings and environments that we use to indicate ways of building, use and functionality, social interactions with space, etc. |
| Textual Evidence | Primary documents that are related to the building/landscape in all facets. Legal documents, design records, owner's materials and records, inscriptions, graffiti - all are part of an archive of primary sources |
| Secondary Scholarship and the historiography of the field | historiography on a particular building, landscape, style, or historical context of a set of architectures makes up secondary scholarship on a building/environment |
| Historiography | The history of writing by scholars in a given field |
| Style | A combination of aesthetic elements, such as form, composition, and ornament, that are shared amongst a particular group of buildings (artworks, texts, etc.) generated in particular time period, geographic region, culture, etc. |
| Stylistic Analysis | Not the end goal of architectural history. Helps to categorize architecture but is mostly descriptive. It cannot answer: why and how? |
| Cultural style and aesthetic styles | Stylistic traits grouped by visual or formal properties, which can cross both temporal and/or geographic borders. |
| Period Style | Common traits detectable in works of art and architecture from particular historical time period. |
| Geographic/Regional Style | Stylistic traits that persist in a geographic region |
| Total Context | 1. Physical presence - entirety and holistically 2. broader physical frame 3. ALL past buildings are deemed worthy of studying 4. non-physical aspects 5. through its lifespan |
| Vitruvius | - Roman architect, engineer and author - Lived from 80BC to 15 BC |
| Utilitas | Function / patron(client) / plan |
| Firmitas | Structure ("means") / builder / section |
| Venustas | Beauty (ornament and harmony) / artist-designer / elevation |
| Plan | Horizontal projection of space, best represent the utilitas of a building |
| Section | A diagram showing the structure of a building at a particular vertical plane |
| Elevation | An orthographic drawing showing one face of the interior or exterior of a building |
| Fresco | Pigment painted on wet or dry plaster |
| Vitruvian Triad | Utilitas - Firmitas - Venustas - “perfect” proportions |
| BCE | Before Common Era |
| CE | Common Era |
| Prehistory | (Before the advent of written documents) Divided into two main periods, named for prevailing technologies in stone tools: - Paleolithic (‘Old Stone Age’) c.2,500,000 BCE – c.10,000 BCE - Neolithic (‘New Stone Age’) c.10,000 BCE – c.3500 BCE |
| Boundary | “circumscription,” marking an outline of space (i.e. a walled town) |
| Monument | “accent,” erecting a structure that uses mass and height to create a focus in an open space |
| Tension | Horizontal Stresses (pulls in opposite directions, reducing mass) |
| Compression | vertical stresses (weight pushing downward to stabilize mass) |
| Post-and-lintel (here post-and-beam) | vertical support a horizontal element |
| Cantilever | Overhang beyond the supporting vertical; helps tensile strength |
| Corbelled Arch | stacked cantilevers that progressively step inward as they rise, until they join, with a capstone at its apex |
| True Arch | made of individual tapered stones (voussoirs), arranged radially and pushing against the next in compression; strongest of these forms. |
| Voussoirs | Tapered stones |
| Menhir | large, upright standing stone (freestanding); French term |
| Megalith | very large stones (freestanding or in construction), term with Greek roots a very large piece of stone, roughly dressed, or, left as found |
| Dolmen | A prehistoric structure made up of two or more large upright stones (megaliths) supporting a large, flat, horizontal slab or slabs. Often used to mark burial sites. |
| Cairn | A pile of stones or earth and stones that served both as a prehistoric burial enclosure and as a marker of underground tombs. Cairns are often built around dolmen at one side. |
| Passage Grave | burial site consisting of a post-and-lintel constructed passage (using megaliths) that tunnels through a cairn, with a dolmen-like structure at the center as a burial chamber |
| Corbeled arch/vault | arch or vault made up of inwardly projecting courses of stone |
| Henge | a prehistoric earthwork consisting of a circular or oval bank with in inner ditch |
| First phase: Stonehenge | the henge and aubrey holes with wood posts or stones standing in them (top) |
| Second phase: Stonehenge | add Bluestone horseshoe (middle), burials in Aubrey holes -from Wales |
| Third phase: Stonehenge | the sandstone/SARSEN ring was added around a horseshoe of sandstone TRILITHONS (two posts and a lintel as a unit) at center of ring, arranged in a horseshow. Bluestones eventually added back inside trilithons’ center and outside sarcen circle. |
| Monastery | Community of men or women (monks or nuns) who choose to follow a religious(Christian, Buddhist, etc) rule of life away from worldly affairs |
| Apsidiol | (also called radiating chapels) – a smaller or secondary apse-shaped chapel in a church, usually located off of an ambulatory |
| Bucrania | skull of an ox/bull, used to decorate architecture, or forms that mimic such animal skulls (catalhoyuk) |
| Mesopotamia | “middle river”; fertile plain between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (in modern Iraq) Also called the Fertile Crescent -Ancient Near East - Another name - western Europe. |
| *City map and volcano fresco, Çatalhöyük, near Konya, Turkey, c. 5800 BCE, Neolithic. painted plaster | View of the doublepeaks of Mt. Hasan (Hasan Dağı, in Turkish) |
| pictograms | Early Sumerian clay tablet with simple pictures representing objects or actions - Cut into wet clay tablets, first to keep accounting accounting by merchants for goods traded at Uruk |
| Cuneiform | “wedgeshaped”; Sumerian phonographic alphabet (representations of syllable sounds) , the first writing system, here fully developed |
| Mnemonics | a repertoire of signs that can be used to carry quite complex messages |
| most significant part about the urban plan of Çatalhöyük, near Konya, Turkey, c. 7,400 to 5,700 BCE, Neolithic Period | Roofs of individual residential units also served as public spaces and circulation zones. |
| Temenos | sacred enclosure, typically raised on an artificial mound or platform |
| Ziggurat | bond between heaven and earth - a built, raised platform with four sloping sides made of mud bricks. These squat, truncated pyramids were conceived as a holy mountain that brought Sumerian priests closer to the gods |
| Axis Mundi | a vertical axis indicating a local culture’s perceived center of the world, connecting earthly and other-worldly realms |
| Pantheon | the collective term for multiple gods venerated by a particular culture or group. |
| Theocracy | type of government where a god is recognized as the ruler, and the state officials operate on the god’s behalf |
| a chief concern of the urban planners of Mohenjo-Daro | Managing water for the city, including flood waters of the Indus River |
| Orthogonal | using straight lines set at right angles |
| Mastaba | (“bench”) superstructure of an Egyptian tomb; massive brick or stone rectangular tumulus or platform with inwardly sloping walls; typically covered a lengthy shaft leading to a burial vault below |
| Serdab | sealed (tomb) chamber, containing a statue of the deceased |
| Ka | – “spiritual double”; an aspect of the soul that resides in the tomb after death; life-force of the universe that accompanies the body and that pursued the functions of life in the afterworld; |
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