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W and C
Radiation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is radiation? | Energy that travels in electromagnetic waves and can travel through space. |
| What part of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible to the human eye? | 0.4 to 0.7 micrometers (μm) |
| What does Planck’s Law describe? | How much radiation a black body emits at each wavelength for a given temperature. |
| What is the Stefan–Boltzmann Law? | Total emitted energy = εσT⁴ (proportional to the 4th power of temperature) |
| What does Wien’s Law state? | Wavelength of peak emission is inversely proportional to temperature. |
| What kind of radiation does the Sun emit? | Shortwave radiation (mostly 0.15–3 μm) |
| What kind of radiation does the Earth emit? | Longwave radiation (mostly 3–100 μm) |
| Which emits more energy: Earth or Sun? | The Sun, due to its higher temperature. |
| What is albedo? | The reflectivity of a surface. |
| What surfaces have high albedo? | Snow, ice, and clouds. |
| What surfaces have low albedo? | Oceans, forests, asphalt. |
| What happens when radiation hits a surface? | It can be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted. |
| What causes the sky to appear blue? | Rayleigh scattering of short (blue) wavelengths by gas molecules. |
| What causes clouds to appear white? | Mie scattering by larger particles, which scatters all wavelengths equally. |
| How does Rayleigh scattering depend on wavelength? | Inversely – shorter wavelengths scatter more. |
| What is the greenhouse effect? | The atmosphere absorbs Earth's longwave radiation and re-emits it, warming the surface. |
| Name the main greenhouse gases. | CO₂, H₂O vapor, CH₄, N₂O, O₃ |
| Why does Earth not lose all its heat to space at night? | Greenhouse gases trap outgoing longwave radiation. |
| What is the solar constant? | ~1361 W/m² at the top of Earth's atmosphere. |
| What does the inverse square law state? | Intensity decreases with the square of the distance from the source. |
| What is Kirchhoff’s Law (radiation)? | A good absorber is a good emitter (ελ = aλ) |
| What causes the seasons? | Earth's 23.5° axial tilt and orbit around the Sun. |
| What happens when the Sun is lower in the sky? | Radiation is spread over a larger area and passes through more atmosphere (beam spreading + depletion). |
| What is sun altitude angle? | The angle between the Sun and the horizon. |
| What are equinoxes? | Days when both hemispheres receive equal sunlight (March 21, September 21). |
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