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Stack #4541319
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why do cells reproduce? | To replace damaged or lost cells, enable growth, and allow reproduction. |
| What are the two types of reproduction? | Sexual (meiosis, gametes) and asexual (mitosis, identical offspring). |
| What are the main forms of asexual reproduction? | Fission, budding, vegetative reproduction, spores, fragmentation, parthenogenesis. |
| What is fission? | A single cell divides into two (or more, in multiple fission). |
| What is budding? | A new organism grows from the parent and breaks off (e.g., Hydra). |
| What is vegetative reproduction? | New plants develop from runners or stems (rhizomes/stolons), like strawberries. |
| What is parthenogenesis? | An unfertilized egg develops into a new individual. |
| What do chromosomes contain? | Most of the cell’s DNA. |
| What is chromatin? | A combination of DNA and protein fibers. |
| What are histones? | Proteins that help control the rate of DNA replication. |
| What is a nucleosome? | DNA wound around a group of histones. |
| What happens in interphase? | The cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares to divide. |
| What occurs in G1 phase? | Cell grows before DNA replication. |
| What happens in the S phase? | DNA is synthesized (replicated). |
| What happens in G2 phase? | The cell contains two identical chromatids and prepares to divide. |
| What happens during prophase? | Chromosomes condense, and synapsis and crossing over occur (in meiosis). |
| What happens during metaphase? | Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate. |
| What happens during anaphase? | Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell. |
| What happens during telophase? | Organelles replicate and two nuclei form. |
| What is cytokinesis? | The division of the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells. |
| What is a somatic cell? | A body cell with 46 chromosomes (diploid). |
| What are homologous chromosomes? | Matching pairs of chromosomes (one from each parent). |
| What are sex chromosomes? | Chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex (X and Y). |
| What is meiosis? | The process of cell division that produces haploid gametes. |
| What is fertilization? | When a haploid sperm unites with a haploid egg to form a diploid zygote. |
| What does “haploid” mean? | Having half the number of homologous chromosomes (23 in humans). |
| What does “diploid” mean? | Having a full set of homologous chromosomes (46 in humans). |
| What are the two stages of meiosis? | Meiosis I (chromosomes separate) and Meiosis II (sister chromatids separate). |
| What is crossing over? | The exchange of chromosome segments during Prophase I, increasing genetic variation. |
| What is nondisjunction? | Failure of chromosomes to separate during anaphase. |
| What disorders are caused by nondisjunction? | Down syndrome (Trisomy 21), Edwards syndrome (Trisomy 18), Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO). |
| Who is the father of genetics? | Gregor Mendel. |
| What did Mendel study? | Pea plants to understand heredity. |
| What is genetics? | The study of heredity. |
| What is Mendel’s Law of Segregation? | Allele pairs separate during gamete formation and unite randomly at fertilization. |
| What is a monohybrid cross? | A cross between parents differing in one characteristic. |
| What is homozygous? | Having two identical alleles for a gene (DD or dd). |
| What is heterozygous? | Having two different alleles for a gene (Dd). |
| What is a dominant allele? | The allele that is expressed when present (D). |
| What is a recessive allele? | The allele that is masked unless both copies are recessive (d). |
| What is a phenotype? | The physical appearance of an organism. |
| What is a genotype? | The genetic makeup of an organism. |
| What is Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment? | Allele pairs separate independently during gamete formation. |
| What is a dihybrid cross? | A cross between parents differing in two characteristics. |
| What is incomplete dominance? | When neither allele is completely dominant (e.g., pink flowers from red + white). |
| What is codominance? | When both alleles are expressed (e.g., blood type AB). |
| What is the chromosomal basis of inheritance? | Genes on chromosomes explain Mendel’s laws through meiosis and fertilization. |
| What are linked genes? | Genes located close together on the same chromosome that are often inherited together. |
| What is recombination (crossing over)? | The exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes, increasing variation. |
| What is a linkage map? | A diagram showing relative positions of genes on a chromosome. |
| What are sex-linked genes? | Genes located on the X or Y chromosome. |
| Why are recessive sex-linked traits more common in males? | Males only have one X chromosome, so a single recessive allele is expressed. |
| What are examples of sex-linked disorders? | Red-green color blindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy. |
| What does DNA stand for? | Deoxyribonucleic acid. |
| What are the components of a nucleotide? | A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. |
| What are the four nitrogen bases in DNA? | Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C). |
| What pairs with what in DNA? | A with T, and G with C. |
| What do amino acids make? | Proteins. |
| What determines an organism’s traits? | The proteins made from its DNA instructions. |
| What are the three types of proteins and their functions? | Structural proteins → physical traits; Enzymatic proteins → metabolic functions; Hormonal proteins → control growth and development. |
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