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Mekdes Beyene
Physiology Unit 1 - 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the three steps of homeostatic control? | 1. Detect deviations from normal, 2. integrate information with the body's needs. 3. Respond by adjusting to restore homeostasis |
| What is the difference between negative and positive feedback loops? | Negative feedback reduces the intensity of a stimulus to restore homeostasis, while positive feedback increases the intensity of a stimulus, pushing the body farther from homeostasis. |
| what are the four types of tissue? | Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial, Connective tissue. |
| what are the levels of organization? | Chemical, Molecular, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism. |
| what is the role of homeostasis in the body? | To maintain a dynamic steady state of the internal environment despite external changes. |
| What are macromolecules, and can you name a few? | Macromolecules are large molecules essential for life, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids. |
| What is thermoregulation? | The process by which the body maintains its internal temperature within a narrow range. |
| what are biomolecules? | Molecules produced by living organisms that are essential for life, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. |
| what are the major functions of proteins? | Build and repair tissues, act as enzymes, transport molecules, and support immune function. |
| Macromolecules are? | Larrge molecule formed by joining smaller organic molecules together, usually by dehydration synthesis reaction. |
| what are biomolecules? | Molecules produced by living organisms that are essential for life, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. |
| what are biomolecules? | Molecules produced by living organisms that are essential for life, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. |
| what are the major functions of proteins? | Build and repair tissues, act as enzymes, transport molecules, and support immune function. |
| Macromolecules are? | Larrge molecule formed by joining smaller organic molecules together, usually by dehydration synthesis reaction. |
| Amino acids are? | Monomers that make up proteins; contains carboxyl and amino functional groups. |
| Monosaccharides are? | A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of complex carbohydrate. |
| Nucleic acids are? | A class of biomolecules made up of one or two chains of nucleotides, including either RNA or DNA that carry genetic information. |
| Polysaccharides are? | Large macromolecules formed from a long chain of monosaccharides. |
| Polysaccharides are? | Large macromolecules formed from a long chain of monosaccharides. |
| Amino acids are? | Monomers that make up proteins; contains carboxyl and amino functional groups. |
| Nucleic acids are? | A class of biomolecules made up of one or two chains of nucleotides, including either RNA or DNA that carry genetic information. |
| Nucleic acids are? | A class of biomolecules made up of one or two chains of nucleotides, including either RNA or DNA that carry genetic information. |
| Dehydration synthesis is? | Process where water s removed to put 2 smaller molecules together. |
| Hydrolysis | breaking down complex molecules by the addition of water; it is essential for digestion. |
| What is the process of endocytosis? | The process by which a cell engulfs a substance from the outside by forming a vesicle from its cell membrane. |
| What is the function of the plasma membrane's selective permeability? | It regulates which substances can pass into and out of the cell. |
| What is osmosis? | The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. |
| What are ribosomes and what is their primary function? | Tiny organelles that are responsible for synthesizing proteins. |
| What is the role of the Golgi apparatus? | To modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids for transport out of the cell. |
| What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol? | Cytosol is the jelly-like fluid inside the cell, while cytoplasm includes the cytosol plus all the organelles except the nucleus. |
| Differentiate between passive and active transport across the cell membrane. | Passive transport is the movement of molecules down their concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) and does not require cellular energy (ATP). |
| Describe the role of ATP in a cell. | ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the cell's main energy-carrying molecule. Its function is to capture chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and release it to fuel other cellular processes. |
| Hydrophilic | The phosphate containing the head part of the phospholipid that likes, or is attracted to, water |
| Hydrophobic | The tail part of the phospholipid that contains fatty acid chains that do not like water |
| Four molecules that compose the cell membrane | Phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| Fatty acid chains | Strings of hydrogen and carbon atoms that make up the tails of a phospholipid. |
| What are the four main types of tissues in the body? | Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues. |
| what are key futures of epithelial tissue? | Tightly packed cells, no blood vessels (avascular), and high rate of cell divisions. |
| Name the major types of epithelial tissues by shape? | Squamous: flat cells Cuboidal: cube shapes Columnar: tall, column-like cells |
| What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelium? | Simple: One cell layer (for absorption and diffusion) Stratified: Multiple layers (for protection) |
| What are the three main parts of connective tissue? | Cells, fibers, and ground substance (together form the matrix) |
| Name major types of connective tissue | Loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood, and adipose (fat) |
| What are the two main ways tissues repair themselves? | Regeneration (replace with same cells) and fibrosis (scar formation) |
| What is the function of simple squamous epithelium? | Facilitates rapid diffusion and filtration due to its thin structure. |
| What is a distinguishing characteristic of pseudostratified columnar epithelium? | The presence of cilia. |
| Where can transitional epithelium be found? | In the urinary organs, such as the bladder. |
| What are the two main types of bone cells? | Osteoblasts and osteoclasts. |
| What is the name for the bone-building cells that produce bone matrix? | Osteoblasts. |
| What is the name for the bone-resorbing cells? | Osteoclasts. |
| What is the hyoid bone? | A bone in the neck that is part of the axial skeleton and the only bone not articulated to any other bone. |
| How does the pectoral girdle differ from the pelvic girdle in its connection to the axial skeleton? | The pectoral girdle attaches to the axial skeleton only at the sternoclavicular joint (between the clavicle and the sternum), allowing for more freedom of movement. The pelvic girdle is more rigid and connects directly to the axial skeleton at the sacrum, |
| Diaphysis | The center, long part of a long bone |
| Epiphysis | The end parts of a long bone |
| Metaphysis | A section of long bone that separates the epiphysis on the ends of the bone from the diaphysis in the middle of the bone and is responsible for bone growth |
| Epiphyseal plate | The part of the metaphysis that causes bone growth and is made of hyaline cartilage |
| Hyaline cartilage | A type of bone tissue that makes up the epiphyseal plate and easily lengthens to allow long bones to grow during childhood |
| Osteoblasts | Bone cells that build bone, causing bone formation during growth or remodeling |
| Osteoclasts | Bone cell that breaks down bone for reabsorption. |
| What bones dose the vertebral column consist of? | 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx. |
| fibrous joint | bones joined by fibrous connective tissue. |
| Cartilaginous joints | bones joined by hyliane cartilage. |
| Synovial joints | bones in a joint cavity with synovial fluid. |
| What is an articulation? | An articulation is a joint, the connection point between two or more bones. |
| What are the main types of joints? | Joints can be bony (synostosis), fibrous (like sutures), cartilaginous, or synovial, which are characterized by a fluid-filled, encapsulated space between bones. |
| How are joints classified? | They are classified by how the bone ends are held together. |
| What is the difference between abduction and adduction? | Adduction is movement toward the midline of the body (like bringing legs together), while abduction is movement away from the midline (like in a jumping jack). |
| What is the basic principle of muscle contraction? | The sliding filament theory states that thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments slide past each other to shorten the sarcomere, the basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber. |
| What are the key proteins involved? | Myosin, Actin, Troponin and Tropomyosin |
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