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Ant lab lecture note

QuestionAnswer
Science definition Science is a set of methods for answering questions about the natural world.
Steps of the scientific method Observation → Hypothesis → Experiment → Conclusion
Null hypothesis Law = what happens; Theory = how/why it happens.
Scientific law vs. theory Law = what happens; Theory = how/why it happens.
Sagittal plane Divides the body at the midline (left/right halves).
Coronal plane Splits the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior).
Transverse plane Splits the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) halves.
Proximal vs. distal Proximal = closer to midline; Distal = farther from midline.
Medial vs. lateral Medial = near midline; Lateral = away from midline.
Orthograde posture Upright position (humans, Australopithecus).
Pronograde posture Horizontal position (gorillas).
Cranium bones Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Zygomatic, Maxilla, Nasal, Mandible.
Vertebral types (in order) Cervical → Thoracic → Lumbar → Sacral → Coccyx.
Vertebrae with 3 holes Cervical vertebrae.
Shoulder girdle bones Scapula and clavicle.
Arm bones (proximal → distal) Humerus → Radius & Ulna → Carpals → Metacarpals → Phalanges.
Pelvis composition Right innominate + left innominate + sacrum.
Lower limb bones Femur → Tibia & Fibula → Tarsals → Metatarsals → Phalanges.
Human dental formula 2.1.2.3 × 2 = 32 teeth.
Lingual vs. buccal Lingual = toward tongue; Buccal = toward cheek.
Mesial vs. distal Mesial = toward midline; Distal = away from midline.
Occlusal surface Grinding surface of a tooth with cusps.
Derived primate traits Grasping hands/feet, nails, postorbital bar, large visual brain area, forward-facing eyes, few offspring, long infant dependency.
Strepsirrhine traits Unfused mandible, unfused frontal bone, postorbital bar, grooming claw, tooth comb, rhinarium, nocturnal, arboreal, tapetum lucidum.
Anthropoid traits Fused mandible, fused frontal bone, postorbital plate, no grooming claws, no tooth comb, diurnal, rely on vision, no tapetum lucidum.
Tarsier position Intermediate between Strepsirrhines and Anthropoids.
Strepsirrhine-like tarsier traits Nocturnal, insectivorous, unfused mandible, grooming claws.
Anthropoid-like tarsier traits Fused frontal bone, partial postorbital plate, no rhinarium, no tapetum lucidum.
Frugivorous Fruit-eating.
Folivorous Leaf-eating.
Insectivorous Insect-eating.
Platyrrhine traits New World Monkeys; 2.1.3.3 dental formula; lateral nostrils; no ear tube; some prehensile tails; all arboreal.
Catarrhine traits Old World Monkeys & Apes; 2.1.2.3 dental formula; downward nostrils; bony ear tube; more sexual dimorphism.
Cercopithecoidea traits Narrow nose, tails, bilophodont molars, equal arm/leg length.
Hominoidea traits Broad nose, no tails, Y-5 molars, longer arms than legs.
Jarman-Bell principle Small bodies = high-quality food; large bodies = low-quality food.
Kay’s threshold 500 g — below = insectivores/frugivores; above = folivores/frugivores.
Frugivore teeth Wide incisors, low rounded cusps (bunodont).
Folivore teeth Narrow incisors, high sharp shearing crests.
Insectivore teeth High sharp cusps, well-developed shearing crests.
Mendelian trait Trait determined by a single gene.
Genotype vs. phenotype Genotype = genetic makeup; Phenotype = observable traits.
Alleles Alternative forms of a gene.
DNA base pairing Adenine–Thymine; Cytosine–Guanine.
Central stigma of biology DNA → RNA → Protein.
Four forces of evolution Mutation, Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, Natural Selection.
Mutation Change in DNA sequence; source of all variation.
Genetic drift Random changes in allele frequencies (strongest in small populations).
Founder effect vs. bottleneck Founder = few individuals form new population; Bottleneck = population drastically reduced.
Gene flow Transfer of alleles between populations through migration and mating.
Natural selection requirements Limited resources, variation, inheritance.
Anthropological genetics focus Evolutionary relationships , population history, and evolutionary forces
Created by: user-1981429
 

 



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