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labaratory and diagnostic test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Normal RBC count | 4.5–5.5 M/cu.mm |
| Normal platelet count | 150,000–450,000 cu/mm |
| Normal Hemoglobin (Hgb) | 12–17 g/dL |
| What happens to Hct in anemia | It is low, along with hemoglobin. |
| Normal cholesterol level (fasting 10–12 hrs) | 150–250 mg/dL |
| Normal triglycerides level (fasting 10–12 hrs) | 140–200 mg/dL |
| Differential WBC count – Neutrophils? | 60–70% (first line of defense) |
| Differential WBC count – Eosinophils? | 1–4% (responsible for inflammation) |
| Differential WBC count – Basophils? | 0–0.5% (defend against allergens) |
| Differential WBC count – Lymphocytes? | 20–30% (attack secondary infections) |
| Differential WBC count – Monocytes? | 2–6% (fight bacteria, viruses, fungi) |
| Which enzyme is most specific to the heart? | CK-MB |
| Which enzyme is the most sensitive indicator of myocardial damage? | LDH1 |
| What is the best indicator for myocardial infarction (MI)? | Troponin (negative result = normal) |
| Troponin I indicates? | Myocardial infarction (↑ Troponin I = MI) |
| Troponin T is associated with? | Risk for non-cardiovascular disease death |
| CK-MB onset, peak, and return to normal? | Onset 3–6 hrs Peak 12–18 hrs Normal 3–4 days |
| LDH onset, peak, and return to normal? | Onset 12 hrs Peak 48 hrs Normal 10–14 days |
| Troponin onset, peak, and return to normal? | Onset 4–6 hrs Peak 24–36 hrs Normal 4–7 days |
| Normal CK-MB for males? | 50–325 mU/mL |
| Normal CK-MB for females? | 50–250 mU/mL |
| LDH Isoenzyme 1 is found in? | Cardiac muscle |
| LDH Isoenzyme 2 is found in? | Reticuloendothelial system |
| LDH Isoenzyme 3 is found in? | Lungs |
| LDH Isoenzyme 4 is found in? | Kidneys |
| LDH Isoenzyme 5 is found in? | Liver |
| Normal Troponin I level? | 1.5 ng/mL |
| Normal Troponin T level? | 0.1–0.2 ng/mL |
| Normal AST/SGOT value? | 10–40 u/mL |
| What does PT measure? | Time for clotting after thromboplastin and calcium are added |
| PT is used to evaluate the effectiveness of what medication? | Coumadin |
| Normal PT range? | 11–16 seconds |
| What does PTT measure? | Time for clotting after partial thromboplastin reagent is added |
| PTT evaluates the effectiveness of what medication? | Heparin |
| Therapeutic range for PTT? | 2–2½ times the normal PTT |
| Normal PTT range? | 60–70 seconds |
| What does a chest radiograph determine? | Heart size, silhouette, and pulmonary arteries |
| What condition can it check for? | Cardiomegaly |
| What does ECG evaluate? | The heart’s electrical activity |
| When is ECG first done? | patient complains of chest pain |
| What does Holter monitoring do? | Records heart’s electrical activity for 24 hours continuously |
| What is the portable monitoring unit called? | Telemetry unit |
| Purposes of exercise ECG? | Identify ischemic heart disease Evaluate chest pain Evaluate therapy effectiveness Develop fitness program |
| Nursing interventions before the exercise ECG? | Adequate sleep Avoid tea, coffee, alcohol No smoking/nitroglycerin 2 hrs before Wear loose clothing and rubber shoes Light meal 2 hrs before Report any unusual sensations |
| Nursing intervention after the exercise ECG? | rest |
| What does ventriculography visualize? | Heart ventricles using contrast media |
| What information does echocardiography give? | Cardiac structure and function |
| What position should the patient be in 2D echo? | Supine, slightly turned to left or left side lying HOB elevated 15–20° |
| right-sided catheterization uses what route? | Vein |
| Left-sided catheterization uses what route? | Artery |
| Nursing interventions before the Cardiac Catheterization? | Check allergy to iodine Obtain baseline vital signs NPO 4–8 hrs Ask patient to void Give sedatives Apply cardiac monitoring |
| Nursing interventions after the Cardiac Catheterization? | Bed rest Monitor VS and peripheral pulses Check ECG for dysrhythmias Apply pressure dressing on puncture site Immobilize extremity in extension Monitor for color, temperature, tingling of extremity |
| How long should the patient remain on bed rest if upper extremity blood vessel is used | until vital signs are stable. |
| How long should the patient remain on bed rest if the lower extremity blood vessel is used | for 24 hours. |
| end | thank you |
Created by:
yatteyy