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BIOL 1620
All the terms he wants us to know
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Genetic Drift | Random change of allele frequencies with no advantage to the population over existing allele frequencies. |
| Bottleneck Effect | When natural disaster/event abruptly kills a large part of the species' pop; suddenly wiping out a large part of the gene pool. |
| Heterozygous | When the genotype consists of 2 different alleles for the same trait. |
| Homozygous | when the genotype for a trait consists of the same 2 alleles. |
| Allele Frequency | The rate at which a specific allele appears within a population. |
| Modern Synthesis | The coherent understanding of the relationship between NS and genetics that took shape in the 1940s. |
| Divergent Evolution | 2 species that evolve in diverse directions from a common point. |
| Adaptation | An inheritable trait that helps an organism's survival and reproduction in its present environment. |
| Biogeography | Scientific study of how species are distributed across the globe, and how their distribution has changed over time. |
| Endemic | A species that is native to only to one place on earth; Kangaroos in Australia |
| Convergent Evolution | Similar traits evolve independently in species that do not share a recent common ancestry. |
| Allele | One of two (or more) alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
| Population | A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific geographic area at a particular time, capable of interbreeding. |
| Monophyletic | A group of organisms that consists of a single common ancestor and all of its descendants. |
| Paraphyletic | includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants. |
| Polyphyletic | group of organisms that includes species from different ancestral lineages and doesn't include their most recent common ancestors. |
| Homology | Similarity of a feature in different species due to inheritance from a common ancestor |
| Artificial Selection | humans deliberately breed organisms with desirable traits to produce offspring with those same traits. |
| Horizontal Gene Transfer | Introduction of genetic material from 1 species to another by mechanisms other than from parent to offspring |
| Homoplasy | Similar biological/physical trait between 2 different species that don't share an ancestor by arise independently |
| Pathogens | A biological agent that can cause disease, such as a bacterium, virus, parasite, etc. |
| Biofilms | a community of microorganisms attached to surface and embedded in a self-produced, protective matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. |
| Bioremediation | Use of microbial metabolism to remove or degrade environmental pollutants or contaminants. |
| Endosymbiosis | a symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside another, and both benefit. |
| Producers | form the base of the food chain, produce their own food using energy from the sunlight or chemical compounds. |
| Chemical Evolution | Simple inorganic molecules transform into complex organic molecules through a series of complex chemical processes- often represents the first origin of life. |
| Oxygen Revolution | photosynthetic cyanobacteria produced and released oxygen into Earth's atmosphere. |
| The Cambrian Explosion | period of rapid diversification of multicellular life (about 541 million years ago) during the most major animal phyla appeared in the fossil record. |
| Gymnosperm | A plant that has seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit. ex conifers. |
| Angiosperm | A plant that flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel. |
| Gametophyte | The gamete (haploid) producing a zygote in which the sporophyte phase arises |
| Sporophyte | The diploid stage of a plant/algae's life cycle that produces spores through meiosis |
| Seed | a flowering plant's unit of reproduction, capable of developing into another such plant. |
| Fern Life Cycle | Alternation of generations, where the life of a fern alternates between 2 distinct multicellular forms. |
| Angiosperm Life Cycle | Alternating series of diploid and haploid generations that involves the production of seeds within fruits. |
| Hyphae | long, thread-like filament that forms the body, or mycelium, of a fungus. |
| Karyogamy | The fusion of two nuclei to form a single diploid nucleus. |
| Protostome | an anima whose mouth develops from the blastopore, the first opening that forms from the embryonic development. |
| Deuterstome | an animal whose anus forms the blastopore, and the mouth forms later. |
| Metazoan | Any animal that undergoes development from an embryonic in 2-3 tissue layers Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm |
| Proto-primate evolution | period of evolution of early mammal-like creatures that were the precursors of modern primates. |
| Molecular Clock | a technique used to estimate the time when 2 species diverged from a common ancestor by measuring the rate of genetic mutations in DNA or RNA sequences. |
| Hominid | All the great Apes |
| Hominin | Humans and our direct ancestors |
| Out of Africa model | Most likely recent theory of human development; Humans originated in Africa and later migrated out, replacing or interbreeding with other archaic human populations. |
| Mutualism | A symbitotic relationship where 2 diff species benefit from interacting with each other. |
| Ecosystem Ecology | Extension of Organismal, Population, and Community ecology, focuses on how the ecosystem works together as a whole. |
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