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Raymond-Chapter3
cell structure and function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a cell | basic unit that fulfills the characteristics of life |
| what are the characteristics of life? | grow reproduce responsive metabolism |
| what are the two major types of cells | prokaryote eukaryote |
| describe prokaryote cells | small single kingdom - monera/prokaryote domian - bacteria/archaea |
| describe eukaryote cells | large complex kingdom - plantea, fungi, protista, animalia domain - eukaryote membrane bound organelles |
| what are 4 cell basics | 1. dna 2. cytoplasm filled with cytosol 3. ribosomes 4. cytoplasmic/plasma membrane |
| what is dna | genetic info or blueprint |
| what is cytoplasm | open space inside a cell |
| what is cytosol | gel-like fluid that fills cytoplasm mostly made of water |
| what are ribosomes? | site of protein synthesis |
| what is the cytoplasmic/plasma membrane? | border, controls traffic in and out |
| what is the glycocalyx? | gelatinous sticky substance on outside of some prokaryote cells |
| what is the glycocalyx made up of? | ploysaccharides (sugar) polypeptides (protein) or both |
| how does the glycocalyx form? | bacteria produces the glycocalyx and then sends it outside the cell |
| how many kinds of glycocalx are there? | 2 kinds -capsules -slime layers |
| describe the capsule glycocalx. | firmly attaches to cell surfaces |
| describe the slime layer glycocalx | loosely attached to cell surface, water soluble |
| what functions do the glycocalyx perform? | - protect bacteria - decrease phagocytosis - helps cling to surfaces |
| what is phagocytosis? | cellular eating with white blood cells |
| what are flagella? | hair like structures anchored to cell wall, not all prokaryotes have them |
| what do flagella do? | move to/away from stuff |
| what is a single flagella called? | polar flagella |
| what are many flagella called? | peritnicoles at one end or all around the cell |
| how do flagella make the cell move? | propel the prokaryote by rotating clockwise - tumble counter clockwise - run |
| what are fimbrae? | sticky protein extensions that create biofilms not all prokaryote have them |
| what are fimbrae used for? | attach to surfaces/substrates |
| is a fimbrae shorter or longer than a flagella? | shorter |
| how many fimbrae do prokaryotes usually have? | many |
| what is an example of a prokaryote with fimbrae? | STD bacteria Neissera gonorrhea |
| what are pili? | protein extensions that attaches one bacteria to another not all prokaryotes have these |
| describe a pili | longer than a fimbrae but shorter than a flagella usually has 1 to 10 per cell |
| what are pili used for? | bacteria have sex this way |
| what is bacterial conjugation? | how they exchange DNA |
| what is the function of a prokaryote cell wall? | -provide structure -shape -protection against osmotic forces |
| animal cells do or do not have a cell wall | DO NOT |
| what are bacterial cell walls composed of? | peptidoglycain - glycain is sugar NAM or NAG - peptido is protein both weaved together in a knot |
| what are the two sugars in a bacterial cell wall? | NAM and NAG |
| a gram positive cell wall has a very _____ layer of __________ | thick; pepridoglycan |
| gram positive cell walls retain ____________ dye | crystal violet |
| gram positive cell walls have ______ acid in their cell wall | teichoic |
| what does teichoic acid do? | -anchors membrane to cell wall -helps with overall negative charge -play a role in ion permeability |
| gram negative cell walls have a ______ layer of _________ | thin; peptidoglycan |
| outside the thin layer of peptidoglycan in and ____________ in gram negative cell walls. | outer membrane |
| what is the outer membrane composed of in gram negative bacteria | lipopolysaccaharides (LPS) lipids and some sugars |
| what does the outer membrane do? | outer membrane prevents antibodies from getting to gram negative cell walls |
| characteristics - peptidoglycan teicodic acid outer membrane lipoplysaccharides | gram positive - yes thick, yes, no, no gram negative - yes thin, no, yes, yes outer membrane |
| what do mycobacterium and Noccardia have in their cell walls? | wax |
| the walls of mycobacterium and Noccardia are 60% ____________ | moycolic acid (lipid wax) |
| what stain do you use on mycobacterium and Noccardia? | acid fast stain |
| what | |
| what are bacterial cell walls composed of? | peptidoglycan weaved together in a knot -peptido = protein -glycan = sugar |
| what two sugars are in the peptidoglycan wall? | NAM and NAG |
| gram positive cell walls have a very ______ layer of _________ | thick; peptidoglycan |
| gram positive bacteria retain __________ dye | crystal violet |
| gram positive bacteria also have ______ acid in their cell wall | teichoic |
| what does the teichoic acid do in gram positive bacteria | anchors membrane to the cell wall helps with overall negative charge plays a role in ion permeability |
| gram negative cell walls have a very ______ layer of _________ | thin; peptidoglycan |
| what is outside the thin layer of peptidoglycan in gram negative bacteria? | outer membrane |
| what is the outer membrane composed of? | lipopolysaccaharides (LPS) lipid (fat) and some sugar |
| LPS can cause what in humans? | clots, stroke, hemorrhages, fever, and even death |
| what is the function of the outer membrane | prevent antibodies from getting to a gram negative cell wall |
| list the characteristics of gram positive and gram negative cells | peptidoglacan -yes thick in + -yes thin in - teicodic acid -yes in + -no in - outer membrane -no in + -yes in - LPS -no in + -yes outer membrane in - |
| what two bacteria have wax in their cell walls | myobacterium Noccardia |
| myobacterium and Noccardia have cell walls made of 60% _________. | moycolic acid (lipid wax) |
| what kind of stain do you use on a myobacterium or Noccardia | acid fast stain |
| how does the wax help myobacterium and Noccardia | keeps them from drying out |
| how many bacteria have no cell walls? give an example | very few Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| what kind of shape do bacteria with no cell wall have? | shape varies |
| which cells have cell/plasma walls? | all cells since its a basic make-up |
| where does the cell/plasma membrane lie in bacteria? | under the cell wall |
| what are the functions of the cell membrane | serves as a boundary controls traffic in/out of cell |
| what is the fluid mosaic model? | membrane is selectively permeable which means it allows passage of some substances |
| who discovered the fluid mosaic model? | the frog guys |
| what is the phospholipid bylayer in the cell membrane made of? | 2 layers of phospholipids in a membrane |
| which end of the phospholipid is hydrophilic? | the head |
| which end of the phospholipid is hydrophobic? | the tail |
| things must be able to pass through a ____________ core for easy passage in/out of cell | hydrophobic |
| what functions do proteins serve as another component of cell membranes? | -act as transport channels -act as receptors -act as recognition proteins |
| membranes are _________permeable which means ______________. | selectively not everything can move in/out |
| membrane transport is the ________of a substance ______ a membrane | passage across |
| list the 2 types of membrane transport | active passive |
| the goal of passive transport is to __________ | create equilibrium across the membrane |
| which form of transport across the cell membrane requires no energy to do? | passive transport |
| in passive transport movement is _____ the concentration gradient | down |
| what are 3 types of passive transport? | diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis |
| what is diffusion? | movement from a high concentration to a low concentration with no ATP required |
| what if facilitated diffusion? | movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with help of protein transport channel |
| what is osmosis? | movement from high water concentration to low water concentration |
| what is an isotonic solution? | same concentration inside and out |
| what is a hypertonic solution? | higher concentration outside of cell |
| what is a hypotonic solution? | lower concentration outside the cell |
| in a hypertonic solution a cell will ____________ | shrink |
| in a hypotonic solution a cell will | blow up |
| what is active transport? | movement of a substance from low concentration to high concentration |
| active transport is movement _____ the concentration gradient | against |
| ATP is/is not required for active transport | is |
| what is endocytosis | active transport into cell |
| what is exocytosis | active transport out of cell |
| what two bacteria produce endospores? | bacillus clostridium |
| what are endospores | hardy dormant resistant structure |
| why are endospores created? | in response to environmental stress |
| endospores have a copy of the bacterias ______ | DNA |
| endopores are resistant to | drying heat radiation chemicals boiling |
Created by:
mastrgurl