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Physio Weeks 1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Extrinsic control usually involves which mode of regulation? | Nervous and endocrine |
| To accomplish self-regulation, a highly complex and integrated communication control system or network is required. This type of network is called a(n) | Feedback control loop |
| The concept that information may flow ahead to another process to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow is called | Feed forward |
| The normal reading or range is called the | Set point |
| What term describes a signal traveling toward a particular center or point of reference? | Afferent |
| Processes for maintaining or restoring homeostasis are known as | Homeostatic control mechanisms |
| Events that lead to an immune response to an infection or the formation of a blood clot are examples of | Positive feedback |
| The body naturally changes some set points to different values at different times of the day. These daily cyles are called | Circadian circles |
| The impact of effector activity on sensors may be positive or negative. Therefore, homeostatic control mechanisms are categorized as | Organs that are directly influenced by physiological variables or mechanisms. |
| Local control or _____, intrinsic mechanisms often make use of chemical signals. | Autoregulation |
| Because negative feedback control systems oppose changes that are opposite in direction to the initial disturbance, they are | Slowed or maintained in the homeostatic range. |
| The relatively constant state maintained by the body is known as | Homeostasis |
| Which level of control operates at the cell level, often using genes and enzymes to regulate cell function? | Intracellular regulation |
| Which of the following is a basic component of every feedback control loop? | Sensor mechanism, integrating center, effector, feedback (All of the above) |
| Many complex processes of the body are coordinated at many levels. These include | Intracellular, intrinsic, extrinsic (all of the above) |
| Effectors can be described as | Organs that directly influence controlled physiological variables. |
| Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal would be an example of: | The body trying to maintain homeostasis. A negative-feedback mechanism. (A & C) |
| The term that literally means self-immunity is: | Autoimmunity |
| Which of the following is a protein substance with no DNA or RNA and is thought to be the cause of mad cow disease? | Prion |
| Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex? | Tapeworms |
| Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | Reproductive |
| The body’s thermostat is located in the: | Hypothalamus |
| Which of the following is not one of the basic components in a feedback control loop? | Transmitter |
| Negative-feedback control systems: | Oppose a change |
| Negative-feedback mechanisms: | Minimize changes in blood glucose levels, maintain homeostasis, are responsible for an increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature. (all of the above) |
| Pathogenesis can be defined as: | The course of disease development. |
| The contraction of the uterus during the birth of a baby is an example of _____ feedback. | Positive |
| Epidemiology is the study of the _____ of diseases in human populations. | Occurrence, distribution, transmission (All of the above) |
| Homeostasis can best be described as: | A state of relative constancy. |
| Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called: | Viruses |
| Intrinsic control: | Is sometimes called autoregulation |
| Positive-feedback control systems: | Accelerate a change |
| Which of the following may put one at risk for developing a given disease? | Environment, stress, lifestyle (All of the above) |
| The normal reading or range of normal is called the: | Set point |
| If the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth operated as a negative-feedback control loop, what effect would it have on uterine contractions? | Oxytocin would inhibit uterine contractions. |
| The most important monosaccharide is | Glucose |
| All proteins have which four elements? | Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| When two amino acids are joined, a peptide bond is formed and an H+ ion is released. | False |
| A very large molecule composed of subunits of sugar, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate bond is a | Nucleic Acid |
| Any large molecule made up of many identical small molecules is called a(n) | Polymer |
| Chaperone proteins assist in the proper folding of other proteins so they can have the correct functional shape. | True |
| What term is often used to describe certain arrangements of atoms attached to the carbon core of many organic molecules? | Functional group |
| A saturated fatty acid is one in which | All available bonds of its hydrocarbon chain are filled. |
| Proteins are polymers of | Amino acids |
| RNA and DNA have the same pyrimidine bases but different purine bases. | False |
| Which term means “water loving” and applies to the phospholipid head? | Hydrophilic |
| In base pairing of DNA molecules, _____ is bound to _____. | Adenine; thymine |
| A triglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule and three of the same type of fatty acid. | False |
| DNA and RNA are important because | Information molecules |
| The carbon-containing molecules formed by living things are often called | Organic molecules |
| Which of these is not a lipid? | Polysaccharide |
| Which of the following is polymer of glucose that is sometimes referred to as animal starch? | Glycogen |
| What determines how a protein performs? | Shape |
| ATP | Is the form of energy that cells generally use. |
| The lipid that is often referred to as a tissue hormone is | Prostaglandin |
| A structural lipid found in the cell membrane is a: | Phospholipid, steroid (Both B & C) |
| The amino group in an amino acid is: | NH3+ |
| The types of lipids found that form hormones, such as cortisone, estrogen, and testosterone are: | Steroids |
| Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called: | Essential amino acids |
| What is the most important factor in determining the physical and chemical properties of fatty acids? | Degree of saturation |
| The element that is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates is: | Nitrogen |
| The alpha helix is an example of which level of protein structure? | Secondary |
| Unsaturated fats: | Will kink or bend because of the double bonds between the carbon atoms. |
| The basic building blocks of fats are: | Fatty acids and glycerol. |
| When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which disaccharide? | Maltose |
| Which of the following is not true of both triglycerides and phospholipids? | They both contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end. |
| DNA | is a double-helix strand of nucleotides. |
| The roles played by proteins can be divided into which categories? | Structural and functional |
| All of the following substances are organic except: | Electrolytes |
| The type of lipoprotein associated with “bad” cholesterol and the production of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels is: | LDL |
| Which lipid is part of vitamin D? | Steroids |
| Amino acids frequently become joined by: | Peptide bonds |
| Prostaglandins and steroids share which of the following characteristics? | Both have a ring structure in their molecule. |
| Sometimes referred to as animal starch, _____ is the main polysaccharide in the body. | Glycogen |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of meiosis? | Two haploid gametes |
| Proteins that act as catalysts are called | Enzymes |
| Replication of DNA occurs in which phase of interphase? | S phase |
| Facilitated diffusion is not an active transport process because it | does not depend on cell energy. |
| Which of the following is an active transport process? | Endocytosis |
| Diffusion moves | Down a concentration gradient |
| The two processes of protein synthesis are | transcription and translation. |
| In the electron transport system, the final electron acceptor is | Oxygen |
| Osmosis can be defined as | the net movement of water molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. |
| A chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction is a(n) | Catalyst |
| A molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing its shape is called a(n) | Allosteric effector |
| If red blood cells containing 10% solute are placed in a solution containing 10% solute, what will happen? | Water will move into and out of the cells at equal rates. |
| The result of meiosis is | Four daughter cells that are haploid. |
| In the DNA molecule, a sequence of three base pairs forms a(n) | Codon |
| Transcription can best be described as the | synthesis of mRNA. |
| Water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis into that solution is called _____ pressure. | Osmotic |
| Red blood cells are placed in an unknown solution. After 45 minutes, the cells are examined and determined to have decreased in size. The unknown solution is | Hypertonic |
| Glycolysis occurs in what part of the cell? | Cytoplasm |
| Which of the following phases is NOT correctly matched with its description? | Anaphase – mitosis is complete |
| The total number of 46 chromosomes per cell is referred to as _________ number. | Diploid |
| Meiosis is called “reduction division” because | the number of chromosomes is reduced by half. |
| The cell process in which microorganisms or other large particles are engulfed is called | Phagocytosis |
| Normal mitosis results in | cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. |
| The component that distinguishes one nucleotide from another is the | Nitrogen base |
| Meiotic division occurs in | Primitive sex cells. |
| If oxygen is available, the pyruvate molecules formed by glycolysis are prepared to enter the next phase of aerobic cellular respiration, called the | Citric acid cycle |
| Mitosis is subdivided into four phases, including all of the following except | Karyophase. |
| In which stage of mitosis do chromosomes move to the opposite ends of the cells along the spindle fibers? | Anaphase |
| Diffusion can be defined as | the net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. |
| RNA makes proteins by | Translation |
| Which is not true about the sodium and potassium pump? | Sodium moves into the cell and potassium moves out of the cell. |
| NaCl would move through the cell membrane in which direction? | Both into and out of the cell |
| The correct order of the phases of mitosis is: | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. |
| A DNA molecule is characterized by all of the following except: | Ribose sugar |
| Materials can be moved from a low concentration to a high concentration through: | Active transport |
| Which of the following terms is synonymous with tumor? | Neoplasm |
| The pairing of bases of a strand of DNA is obligatory. If a strand of DNA were composed of the base sequence of ATCG, what would be the obligatory sequence of its opposing base pairs? | TAGC |
| Water will move through the cell membrane by: | Osmosis |
| Which of the following is not true of RNA? | It contains deoxyribose sugar. |
| Extensive weight training causes the muscle cells to: | Hypertrophy |
| All of the following are examples of passive transport except: | Endocytosis |
| Diffusion of particles through a membrane by means of a carrier molecule is called: | facilitated diffusion. |
| Which of the following statements is true? | The site of transcription is within the nucleus, whereas the site of translation is in the cytoplasm. |
| The physical process by which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane is the process of: | Filtration |
| An individual’s entire set of DNA can be referred to as a: | Genome |
| When the chromosomes align themselves across the equator of the spindle fibers, it is characteristic of which phase of mitosis? | Metaphase |
| A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than a red blood cell would be: | Hypertonic |
| Twenty-three chromosomes per cell in humans is referred to as: | Haploid |
| Diffusion requires: | A concentration gradient |
| Apocrine sweat glands can be found in all of the following areas except the: | Soles of the feet |
| The nail body forms at the nail root, which has a matrix of proliferating cells from the _____________ that enables the nail to grow continuously. | Stratum basale |
| The hair follicle is found in the: | Dermis |
| Which cells of the skin act as a type of antigen-presenting cell in the skin? | Dendritic cells |
| Smooth muscles that produce goose pimples when they contract are the _____ muscles. | Arrector pili |
| Which skin layer contains closely packed, clear cells that contain a gel-like substance called eleidin? | Stratum lucidum |
| In which skin layer does the process of keratinization begin? | Stratum granulosum |
| Which is not part of a hair? | Lanugo |
| Which cells of the skin are filled with a tough, fibrous protein and account for most of the epidermal cells of the skin? | Keratinocytes |
| The gland responsible for the waxy secretion in the external ear canal is: | Ceruminous |
| Hair: | Alternates between periods of growth and rest, consists of keratinized cells, is formed from cells of the germinal matrix (All of the above |
| Which skin layer has cells that look prickly because of the desmosomes that join the cells together? | Stratum spinosum |
| The hair papilla consists of _____ tissue. | Dermal |
| Which skin layer is called the barrier area? | Stratum corneum |
| Fingernail growth is the result of the mitosis of the cells in the stratum: | germinativum |
| Of the five epidermal cell layers, the only one that can undergo mitosis is the stratum: | Basale |
| Hematopoietic tissue can be found in the: | Bones |
| Which cells electrically insulate axons to increase the speed of conduction? | Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells (Both A & B) |
| What structure is formed by the union of the basal and reticular lamina? | Basement membrane |
| Which cells help destroy pathogens and damaged tissue in the brain? | Microglia |
| Mucous membranes are important because they lubricate and protect passageways. | True |
| The type of tissue that contains cells called neurons is called: | Nervous |
| The hypodermis: | connects the dermis to underlying tissues. |
| A tissue is: | a group of similar cells that perform a common function. |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of connective tissue? | Typically holds its cells together tightly by means of desmosomes |
| The area referred to as true skin is the: | Dermis |
| The papillary layer of the dermis: | produces the ridges that make fingerprints. |
| Which tissue is most likely to form a keloid scar as it heals? | Connective |
| Basement membrane is composed of molecules made by _____ tissue. | Connective and epithelial (Both B & C) |
| Which is not a function of connective tissue? | Communication |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of skeletal muscles? | Having one nucleus per cell |
| Connective tissue forms from stem cell tissue called: | Mesenchyme |
| Which type of tissue has the greatest capacity to regenerate? | Epithelial |
| Which cells form the blood-brain barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood? | Astrocytes |
| What is are the two types/functions of bone marrow? | Red & yellow – produces red blood cells and stores energy as fat. |
| The external portion of the bone is known as | Cortical bone |
| Bones grow due to activity in the | Epiphyseal plates |
| Which of the following is NOT CONSIDERED a long bone. | C5 |
| When an astronaut is in space for 2 months what may happen to their bone density as compared to a person living on earth? | The astronaut will experience bone loss at an increased rate as a person on earth |
| Why is cartilage slow to heal? | Because it is semi-solid and flexible & Because cartilage calcifies at a slow rate (Both B & D) |
| Which of the following is a location in which you would find fibrous cartilage? | Public symphysis & Interverbal discs (Only C &D) |
| Select the answer that best describes the axial skeletal structure. | Provides framework for muscles that anchor and stabilize the appendicular bones |
| Adipocytes, found in the yellow bone marrow, stores and releases ____________________________ for energy. | Fat and triglycerides |
| Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident? | Protection of internal organs |
| Without red bone marrow, bones would not be able to ________. | Make blood cells |
| Which of the following provide flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement? | Cartilages |
| The fontenelles of an infant's skull consists of | Fibrous membrane |
| Which statement below is correct regarding fontanelles? | Allows for brain growth, The anterior fontanelle closes at about 2 years of age, The fontanelles are fibrous membranes (All of the above) |
| Hematopoietic stem cells that are found in red bone marrow can develop into a variety of different blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. | True |
| Young children’s bones have a greater risk of fracturing because of incompletely ossified bone. | False |
| Which of the following is not one of the primary functions performed by bones? | Hormonal production |
| In bone formation, the cells that produce the organic matrix are the: | Osteoblasts |
| If there is an injury to the occipital bone you may expect that which sense is damaged? | Vision |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the | Scapula |
| Calcification of the organic bone matrix occurs when | complex calcium salts are deposited in the matrix. |
| The ulna articulates proximally with the: | Humerus |
| One similarity between the structures of the foot and hand is the equivalent degrees of movement of both the thumb and the big toe. | False |
| As the activity of osteoblasts increases, the: | amount of calcium in bone increases & level of calcium in the blood decreases (Both B & C) |
| Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete | Additional matrix |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the epiphyses? | Cylindrical in shape |
| The human hand has greater dexterity than the forepaw of any animal because of the freely movable joint of the: | Thumb |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the clavicle. | False |
| The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are: | endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the diaphysis? | Provides a bulbous shape for attachment of muscle |
| Until bone growth in length is complete, a layer of the cartilage, known as the _____, remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis. | epiphyseal plate |
| The following are functions of bone except for | Support, protection, mineral storage, hematopoiesis (All of the above) |
| A person with a fractured patella would expect discomfort in the: | Knee |
| After the age of 50, the density of bone: | decreases slowly because of a shift in the remodeling activity. |
| Normally, bone loss will begin to exceed bone gain between the ages of _____ years. | 35-40 |
| Which of the following is an example of a uniaxial joint? | Elbow joint |
| Joints joined by fibrocartilage are called | symphysis |
| The four kinds of protein that make up myofilaments are myosin, actin, | tropomyosin, and troponin. |
| According to the sliding filament theory | actin moves past myosin. |
| Which of the following is not a function of muscles? | Storage |
| The contractile unit of a muscle cell is the | Sarcomere |
| Anaerobic respiration results in the formation of an incompletely catabolized molecule called | Lactate |
| Which of the following is not among the structures that characterize synovial joints? | Tendons |
| Which subtype of fibrous joints is found only in the skull? | Suture |
| Synovial joints are | Freely movable |
| Which structure allows the electrical signals to travel along the sarcolemma and move deeper into the cell? | Transverse tubule |
| The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called the | threshold stimulus. |
| The muscle’s ability to stretch or extend and to return to its resting length is called | Extensibility |
| Synarthrotic joints are | immovable |
| Three phases of the twitch contraction are the | latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase. |
| The more muscle fibers contracting at the same time, the stronger the contraction of the entire muscle. The number of muscle fibers contracting depends on how many motor units are | Recruited |
| The joints between the articulating surfaces of the vertebral processes are classified as what type of joint? | Gliding |
| Muscle tone is maintained by | Negative feedback mechanisms |
| The energy required for muscular contraction is obtained by hydrolysis of | ATP |
| The structure of the knee joint permits movements of | Flexion and extension |
| If a structural classification is used, joints are named according to the type of _____ tissue that joins the bones together. | Connective |
| _____ occurs when the foot is tilted upward, thus decreasing the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg. | Dorsiflexion |
| The largest and most commonly injured joint in the body is the _____ joint. | Knee |
| Repeated stimulation of muscle in time lessens its excitability and contractibility and may result in | Fatigue |
| Some synovial joints contain a closed pillow-like structure called a(n) | Bursa |
| The joint present during the growth years between the epiphyses of a long bone and its diaphysis is the | synchrondrosis |
| Which type of movement occurs between the carpal and tarsal bones and between the articular facets of adjoining spinal vertebrae? | Gliding |
| The shoulder joint is an example of a _____ joint. | Multiaxial, freely movable, ball & socket (All of the above) |
| A contraction in which muscle length remains the same but muscle tension increases is called an | Isometric contraction |
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amandasteel