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Ap Bio Mod 9-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Transport proteins | proteins that move ions and other molecules in and out of the cell -Two main types: Channel and Carrier |
| At high temperatures cell membrane fluidity is.... | increased |
| At low temperatures cell membrane fluidity is.... | decreased |
| At high temperatures Cholesterol causes cell membrane fluidity to.... | decrease |
| At low temperatures Cholesterol causes cell membrane fluidity to | increase |
| Exocytosis | a process by which substances are released to the exterior of a cell by using a vesicle -requires ATP |
| Transport proteins | proteins that move ions and other molecules in and oput of the cell |
| amphipathic | molecules with both polar and non polar ends - in the cell membrane polar ends interact with water and non polar ends interact with other fatty acids |
| What determines the shape of phospholipids | -the bulkiness of the head group |
| micelle | sphere-shaped cluster of lipids that forms in water, -lipids with bulky heads and a single wedge-shaped tail -single lipid layer |
| Liposome | -a sphere with a hollow, water core enclosed by lipid bilayers. -structure formed when lipids are placed in water with a neutral ph -have two hydrophobic tails |
| How do fatty acids cause movement in the lipid bilayer | -the van der waal interactions between them allows for them to be easily broken and formed - as they do this, each phospholipid sways back and forth, resulting in the lateral movement of the lipid bilayer |
| Effect of saturated and unsaturated fats on lipid bilayer | -unsaturated- makes it more fluid (loosely packed fatty acids) -saturated- makes it less fluid (tightly packed fatty acids) |
| receptor proteins | -allow cells to receive signals from their environment |
| Integral proteins | -proteins that are permanently attached to the cell membrane -primarily used for cell transport - have 2 hydrophilic regions (one interacts with inside and another outside cell )and a hydrophobic region |
| Peripheral proteins | proteins that are partially attached to the cell membrane -interact with both the internal and external parts of the membrane |
| transmembrane proteins | proteins that span the entire lipid bilayer -has two hydrophilic and one hydrophobic region |
| Fluid mosaic model | -a model that suggest that cell membranes are able to move (fluid) and are made up of various substances (mosaic) |
| What type of molecules easily pass through cell membrane | -nonpolar and small molecules |
| What type of molecules cannot pass through the cell membrane | -large polar. molecules |
| Aqua pores | -proteins that allow water to move in and out of the cell via facilitated diffusion -allows water to move faster than it would when moving through cell membrane on its own |
| Primary Active transport | -direct use of ATP for movement of substances against concentration gradient |
| Secondary Active transport | -indirect use of ATP for movement of substances against concentration gradient -mostly used energy from the movement of ions (that occurred due to ATP) |
| Dynamic equilibrium | -when water and solutions continue to equally move from inside to outside environment to maintain equilibrium |
| Tonicity | measure of solute concentration of solution |
| Lysed cells | cells that exploded after being filled with too much water |
| crenated cells (shriveled) | -cells shrivel up after getting too much solutes |
| Phagocytosis | cell eating -type of endocytosis |
| Pinocytosis | cell drinking -type of endocytosis |
| Endocytosis | -when the cell intakes substances |
| Osmosis | -the movement of water across a membrane due to solute concentration |
| Water potential | -the measurement of water's tendency to move from where it is or not concentrated |
| Effect of solute concentration on osmotic pressure | - more solute concentration= more osmotic pressure |
| Osmotic pressure | the external pressure required to stop the flow of water |
| Hydrostatic pressure | the pressure gravity exerts on a solution to stop fluid levels form increasing |
| Contractile vacoles | -organelles that take up excess water from inside the cell then contract to release it back into the environment |
| Turgor pressure | the pressure that water exerts on the cell wall -gives structure to plant cells |
| Turgid | -describes when turgor pressure is present which makes the cell stand firm and strong -occurs when water enters the cell and keeps plants upright |
| Flaccid | -describes the absence of turgor pressure that makes the cell shrink and plants wilt -occurs when water exists the cell |
| Higher solute potential means | - high water potential and low solute concentration |
| Lower solute potential means | - low water potential and high solute concentration |
| Solute potential | -measures the pressure that increases water movement because of solutes |
| Osmoregulation | -the regulation of osmotic pressure inside cells -prevents high solute concentration (high osmotic pressure) -prevents low solute concentration (low osmotic pressure) |
| Osmoconformer | -animals that keep their internal fluids at the same osmotic pressure as the external environment -tend to live in stable enviroments |
| What makes Prokaryotic cells different from Eukaryotic cells | -they have cytoskeletons that change shape -they cannot do phagocytosis (they only take in molecules via passive and active transport) |
| Symbiont | a organism that lives in closely evolved association with other species |
| Symbiosis | - when two species live closely associated with each other |
| Endosymbiosis | -the process of a organism engulfing another to make them coexist in one body -explains how eukaryotic cells have chloroplasts |
| Explain how endosymbiosis was used to give eukaryotic cells mitocondria and chloroplasts | - mitocondria and chloroplasts were once bacteria that were engulfed by the orignal eukaryotic cell, making them merge together to be part of one body |
| Cyanbacteria | -bacterial ancestor of chloroplasts |
| Proteobacterium | -the bacterial ancestor of mitocondria |
| How does the sodium–potassium pump (Na⁺/K⁺ pump) helps generate a membrane potential | The sodium–potassium pump move charged ions unevenly across the cell membrane. -3 NA+ move out per 2 K+ - inside cell becomes more negative than outside -charge differences create membrane potential |
| Glycolipid and Glycoproteins | - carbohydrate based macromolecule located on the cell membrane -used for doing cell recognition |
| Plasmodesmata | - channels in plant cell walls that that enable the passage of molecules like water, proteins through them |
| Electrochemical gradient | a gradient that measures concentration of ions |
| Membrane potential | electrical difference across a membrane |
| Na+/K+ ATP | protein that moves ions across the cell membrane |
| What are the prokaryotic domains | Archea and bacteria |
| Bacteria characteristics | unicellular with cell walls made of peptidoglycan |
| Plasmids | small circular chunks of dna |
| How do Bacteria reproduce? | - Asexually via binary fission - they increase diversity by sharing plasmids between bacteria using pilli |
| Nucleoid | region in bacteria that stores dna |
| How do Bacterial cell membranes act as organelles? | they can perform metabolism when they fold to become photosynthetic and aerobic prokaryotic -thus they imitate chloroplasts and mitocondria |
| Horizontal transfer | exchange of genetic information between bacterial cells via asexual activity |
| Conjugation | when bacteria are exchanged using pili |
| Archea | -unicellular, prokaryotes that live in extreme environments |
Created by:
KenechukwuIE