Controls exchange of materials between the cell and its surroundings

Selective permeability

Allows some substances to pass through while restricting others

Describes the membrane as a flexible phospholipid bilayer with proteins floating in it

Perform specific functions like transport and communication

Maintains the dynamic nature of the cell by moving water and substances

Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient (low → high) using ATP

Examples of active transport

Transpiration (water movement) and translocation (food movement)

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached

Concentration gradient

Difference in solute concentration that drives diffusion

State when molecules are evenly distributed; movement continues but net change is zero

Factors that affect diffusion

Temperature, molecule size, distance, and size of vessel

Effect of temperature on diffusion

Higher temperature = faster diffusion

Effect of molecule size on diffusion

Smaller molecules diffuse faster

Effect of distance on diffusion

Shorter distance = faster diffusion

Effect of vessel size on diffusion

Larger vessel = faster diffusion rate

Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

Types of osmotic solutions

Hypotonic, Isotonic, and Hypertonic

Solution with lower solute concentration and higher water concentration outside the cell

Effect of hypotonic solution on plant cell

Water enters the cell; becomes turgid (firm and healthy)

Pressure exerted by the full vacuole against the cell wall in a turgid cell

Equal solute and water concentration inside and outside the cell

Effect of isotonic solution on plant cell

No net movement of water; cell becomes flaccid (limp)

Solution with higher solute concentration and lower water concentration outside the cell

Effect of hypertonic solution on plant cell

Water leaves the cell; cell membrane shrinks away (plasmolysis)

Shrinking of cytoplasm and membrane from the cell wall due to water loss

Importance of water in plants

Essential for transport, turgor maintenance, and photosynthesis

Active transport function

Maintains concentration balance and moves substances where needed

Example of membrane selectivity

Only certain ions or molecules (like water) can enter or exit freely

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03 physioplant

Question	Answer
Cell membrane	Controls exchange of materials between the cell and its surroundings
Selective permeability	Allows some substances to pass through while restricting others
Fluid mosaic model	Describes the membrane as a flexible phospholipid bilayer with proteins floating in it
Membrane proteins	Perform specific functions like transport and communication
Transport system	Maintains the dynamic nature of the cell by moving water and substances
Active transport	Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient (low → high) using ATP
Examples of passive transport	Simple diffusion and osmosis
Examples of active transport	Transpiration (water movement) and translocation (food movement)
Diffusion	Movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached
Concentration gradient	Difference in solute concentration that drives diffusion
Equilibrium	State when molecules are evenly distributed; movement continues but net change is zero
Factors that affect diffusion	Temperature, molecule size, distance, and size of vessel
Effect of temperature on diffusion	Higher temperature = faster diffusion
Effect of molecule size on diffusion	Smaller molecules diffuse faster
Effect of distance on diffusion	Shorter distance = faster diffusion
Effect of vessel size on diffusion	Larger vessel = faster diffusion rate
Osmosis	Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
Types of osmotic solutions	Hypotonic, Isotonic, and Hypertonic
Hypotonic solution	Solution with lower solute concentration and higher water concentration outside the cell
Effect of hypotonic solution on plant cell	Water enters the cell; becomes turgid (firm and healthy)
Turgor pressure	Pressure exerted by the full vacuole against the cell wall in a turgid cell
Isotonic solution	Equal solute and water concentration inside and outside the cell
Effect of isotonic solution on plant cell	No net movement of water; cell becomes flaccid (limp)
Hypertonic solution	Solution with higher solute concentration and lower water concentration outside the cell
Effect of hypertonic solution on plant cell	Water leaves the cell; cell membrane shrinks away (plasmolysis)
Plasmolysis	Shrinking of cytoplasm and membrane from the cell wall due to water loss
Result of plasmolysis	Plant wilts and may die
Importance of water in plants	Essential for transport, turgor maintenance, and photosynthesis
Active transport function	Maintains concentration balance and moves substances where needed
Energy source for active transport	ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Example of membrane selectivity	Only certain ions or molecules (like water) can enter or exit freely

Created by: user-1909129

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