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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a DUTCH EYEGLASS MAKER AND HE INVENTED FIRST MICROSCOPE | | 1590s — ZACHARIA JANSSEN |
| Discovered that thin slices of cork and other plant materials contain minute partition cavities that he called CELLS | | 1665 — ROBERT HOOKE |
| Discovered protozoa and bacteria | 1674 — ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK |
| Discovered that the NUCLEUS as the central part of the cell | | 1833 — ROBERT BROWN |
| A German botanist, plants are made up of cells | | 1838 — MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN |
| A German physiologist and zoologist, - Concluded that animals are also made up of cells | | 1839 — THEODOR SCHWANN |
| - Realized that sperm cells and egg cells are also cells | | 1840 — ALBERT VON KÖLLIKER |
| Observed a sperm cell penetrated an egg cell | | 1856 — NATHANAEL PRINGSHEIM |
| All living cells come from other living cells and disproved the spontaneous generation theory | | 1858 — RUDOLF VIRCHOW |
| — all cells come from pre-existing cells | OMNIS CELLULA E CELLULA |
| - Described chromosomes behavior during mitosis | | 1879 — WALTER FLEMMING |
| Germ cells are haploid, chromosome behavior during mitosis | Germ cells are haploid, chromosome behavior during mitosis |
| Golgi described the Golgi Apparatus | | 1898 |
| Developed first Analytical Ultracentrifuge | | 1926 — THEODOR SVEDBERG |
| are simple, single-celled organisms ○ lack a true nucleus a | | PROKARYOTIC CELLS : |
| are more complex cells ● presence of a well-defined nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane and various membranebound organelles, | | EUKARYOTIC CELLS : |
| surrounds the cell, a selective barrier between the interior and exterior. | 1.) CELL MEMBRANE |
| rigid, protective outer layer found inside the plasma membrane | CELL WALL |
| organelle that houses DNA STRUCTURE: Membrane-bound spherical organelle composed of proteins and RNA; discovered by Robert Brown (1831). | 3.) NUCLEUS |
| Tiny, round organelles found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). STRUCTURE: Made of RNA and proteins; consist of two subunits found either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER | 4.) RIBOSOMES |
| STRUCTURE: Network of interconnected membranes extending from the nuclear to the cell membrane. FUNCTION: Transports, processes, and distributes proteins and lipids. | 5.) ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
| STRUCTURE: Flattened sacs with ribosomes, giving a “rough” appearance. FUNCTION: Processes and transports proteins to the Golgi apparatus; aids in membrane production. | a. ROUGH ER |
| STRUCTURE: Network of smooth, tube-like membranes without ribosomes. FUNCTION: Synthesizes lipids (fats, phospholipids, steroids), detoxifies harmful substances, and stores calcium ions. | b. SMOOTH ER |
| STRUCTURE: Stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs with a cis face (receiving) and trans face (sending). FUNCTION: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids; creates vesicles; produces lysosomes. | |
| STRUCTURE: Double-membraned organelle found in eukaryotic animal and plant cells. FUNCTION: Generates energy (ATP) through cellular respiration; converts glucose and oxygen into ATP; supports growth and metabolism. | |
| STRUCTURE: Green, double-membraned organelle containing chlorophyll and its own DNA; found in plant cells. FUNCTION: Converts sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis, producing glucose and oxygen. | |
| STRUCTURE: Small, membrane-bound organelles with digestive enzymes; mostly in animal cells. FUNCTION: Break down waste, damaged organelles, and pathogens; recycle materials for reuse. | |
| A network of protein filaments (microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments) - Provides structural support and enables movement in eukaryotic cells., | |
| are long and used for locomotion in liquid environments | |
| are shorter and move substances along the cell surface. | |
| Aid in movement within the cell’s environment. | |
| Detect signals and serve sensory or signaling functions instead of movement. | |
| Membrane-bound sacs that transport and distribute materials within the cell. | VESICLES AND ENDOSOMES |
| Carry proteins and lipids from the ER to the Golgi apparatus or other destinations. | TRANSPORT VESICLES |
| Form from the plasma membrane to bring extracellular materials into the cell | ENDOCYTIC VESICLES |
| Store and release substances like hormones or neurotransmitters. | SECRETORY VESICLES |
| Contain enzymes that degrade waste and cellular debris. | LYSOSOMAL VESICLES |
| A fundamental biological process through which organisms produce offspring, ensuring the continuation of their species. | |
| Involves two parent organisms that produce offspring with traits inherited from both. - It begins with the meeting (fusion) of gametes—specialized reproductive cells called sperm and egg. | A. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION |
| it happens in the anther and ovule of the flowers respectively. - The anther produces the pollen. - Each process follows meiotic cell division | |
| is the transfer of pollen grains from the stamen to the stigma. - Two types: Self- Pollination and Cross Pollination. | |
| is the union of the male and female sex cells. | |
| - Fusion of male and female gametes produced by the same individual. - Occurs when pollen from the anther of a flower fertilizes the ovule of the same flower or another flower on the same plant. | |
| Fertilization of an ovum from one plant by pollen from another. - Requires external agents (e.g., wind, water, or animals like bees) for pollen transfer |
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