Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
EARTH SCI REVIEW
1ST SEM FINALS, 11-BLSD. GABRIELA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| describes how readily a mineral dissolves in water or other solvents. It is a key property influencing how minerals break down and deposit in nature. | Solubility |
| TYPES OF MINERAL SOLUBILITY | Highly soluble, sparingly soluble, and insoluble |
| Minerals may dissolve, react, or change form depending on the pH of their surroundings. When certain minerals react with acid, they effervesce (fizz), releasing carbon dioxide gas. | Acid Reaction |
| refers to the temperature at which a solid melts into a liquid. Different minerals have distinct melting points depending on their chemical composition and atomic structure. | Melting Point |
| refers to the emission of particles from unstable atomic nuclei. Which naturally undergo radioactive decay. This decay releases radiation (alpha, beta, or gamma rays) as the unstable isotopes break down into more stable forms. | Radioactivity |
| refers to the chemical process where a mineral reacts with oxygen, leading to a change in its chemical composition, usually forming oxides or hydroxides. It often happens in the presence of water and oxygen. | Oxidation |
| All mineral species of a certain class are therefore chemically similar because they possess the same ___ ___ ___ | Main Anion Group |
| is the most widely used classification scheme of minerals. This system, established in 1837 by James Dwight Dana. | Dana System |
| Contains pure native elements which occur in an uncombined state. Usually, only one type of atom is present in the molecular structure of these species. No ionic or covalent bonding may join atoms of one element to atoms of another. | Native Elements |
| Chemical Properties of Minerals | Solubility, Melting Point, Acid Reaction, Radioactivity, and Oxidation. |
| Contain two of the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust, namely, Silicon and Oxygen. When linked together, these two elements form the silicon tetrahedron. Over 90% of the rock-forming minerals belong to this class. | Silicates |
| Main anion group/chemical formula of Silicates | SiO₄ |
| made up of carbonate anion and metallic elements. They are found in areas where high rates of evaporation and in karst regions of dissolution and precipitation, such as in caves, where stalactites and stalagmites are formed. | Carbonates |
| Main anion group/chemical formula of Carbonates | CO₃ |
| made up of sulfur combined with the oxygen anion with metals. They are found in areas with a high evaporation rate and where salty waters slowly evaporate. | Sulfates |
| Main anion group/chemical formula of Sulfates | SO₄ |
| formed from halogen gases (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine) combined with one or more metallic elements. Halides are usually found in lakes, ponds, and other landlocked seas. | Halides |
| What are the halogen gases in Halides? | Fluorine, Bromine, Chlorine, and Iodine |
| are formed from the combination of at least one metal element and oxygen anion . The oxide class is perhaps the most important, as this contains the metals considered to be valuable. | Oxides |
| Main anion group/chemical formula of Oxides | O₂ |
| are made up of a compound of the sulfur anion with a metal. These class minerals have important metals, such as copper, lead, and silver. Some of these are found in electrical wires and such. | Sulfides |
| Main anion group/chemical formula of Sulfides | S₂ |
| are made up of phosphorus and oxygen anions combined with metallic elements. This class is considered an important biological mineral found in the teeth and bones of many animals. | Phosphates |
| Main anion group/chemical formula of Phosphates | PO₄ |
| are formed from the diatomic anion of one oxygen (O) and one hydrogen (H) atom (OH-) in combination with a metal. These minerals are mostly formed at lower temperatures and are softer and less dense than oxides. | Hydroxides |
| Main anion group/chemical formula of Hydroxides | OH-¹ |
| Latin word “ignis” meaning fire. Formed by the cooling and solidification of magma (crystallization). | Igneous Rocks |
| crystallize below the Earth’s surface, the slow cooling that occurs there allows large crystals to form | Intrusive |
| erupt onto the surface. Quickly cools, forming small crystals. Magma comes out as lava and cools on the surface | Extrusive (Plutonic Rocks) |
| Classes of Minerals | Native, Silicates, Sulfates, Sulfides, Oxides, Carbonates, Hydroxide, Halides, Phosphate. |
| Small grain crystals, less than a millimeter across, are invisible to the naked eye. They are probably formed by rapid cooling. | Aphanitic |
| Visible to the naked eye and involves slow cooling. | Phaneritic |
| Consists of 2 crystals having a large difference in grain size. The larger grain is called a phenocryst and is surrounded by the finer grain called groundmass or matrix. | Porphyritic |
| Non-crystalline and contains no mineral grain with an extremely fast rate of cooling. | Glassy |
| “Fair” meaning light-colored 0 - 25%, light in color. “Fel” refers to Feldspar of the potassium-rich variety. “Sic” refers to the high percentage of Silica. | Felsic |
| “Ma” refers to magnesium, “Fic” which is the Latin word for iron-rich in magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium. 25% - 45%, usually dark in color | Mafic |
| it is both light and dark, gray. 45% - 85% darkness percentage. | Andesitic |
| very dark in color, has a relatively low amount of Silica. Contains mostly dark-colored minerals: 90% “mafic”. | Ultramafic |
| Rocks that have formed from different materials (sediments) deposited on the Earth’s surface or near the surface of the Earth. These are grains of rocks, minerals, or mineraloids deposited on the surface of the Earth. | Sedimentary |
| TWO COMMON SEDIMENTARY FEATURES | Fossil assemblages and Stratification |
| remains of and traces of plants and animals that existed in different geologic periods that are preserved in rocks | Fossil Assemblages |
| As layer upon layer of sediments is accumulated, they carry records of the condition of the environment at the time the sediments were deposited. These layers are called strata. (Stratigraphy- the study of layered rocks; their arrangement and history) | Stratification |
| Come from pieces of other rocks of different sizes, cemented together. Examples are called gravel, sand, silt, or clay | Clastic Sedimentary Rocks |
| Made of rounded gravel particles in the sand or finer-grained matrix (clay or silt-sized materials). The coarsest of the classic sedimentary rocks | Conglomerate |
| Composed of angular particles rather than rounded particles. | Breccia |
| Composed dominantly of sand-sized particles. | Sandstone |
| Composed chiefly of silt-sized particles (usually Quartz) | Siltstone |
| Consists of finely laminated (thinly layered) clay-sized particles (silts and clay) | Shale |
| Come from soluble material produced largely by chemical weathering. | Chemical Sedimentary Rocks |
| They are layered crystalline sedimentary rocks that form from brines generated in areas where the amount of water is lost by evaporation. Location of formation: hot and dry environments. | Evaporites |
| The change in the temperature (or the acidity) of the water. Limestone - made of mineral calcite or from the shells of sea critters. | Precipitates |
| Formed from hard, biological materials like plants, shells, and bones that are lithified into rocks. | Organic Sedimentary Rocks |
| Metamorphosis - in Greek means “transformation” or change in shape. Arise from the transformation of existing rocks into new types of rocks. | Metamorphic Rocks |
Created by:
MEOWIE