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Biology 100 midterm
Biology 100 midterm review: lab safety, cell functions and theory, DNA, etc.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 3 Domains of Life | bacteria, archaea, eukarya (us) |
| cell theory | cells are the basic unit of life, all organisms are composed of cells, all cells come from existing ones through cell division. |
| organelles | little organ |
| cytoplasm | jelly-like solution that fills each cell to give cell its shape, keep organelles in their place, and contains enzymes. |
| enzyme | responsible for breaking down waste |
| cell membrane | outer cell surface, controls what comes in and out, protects cell, and maintains homeostasis |
| homeostasis | keeps everything balanced |
| cell wall | PLANTS ONLY, provides added support |
| nucleus | brain of the cell, holds genetic material, DNA/RNA synthesis, enclosed by nuclear envelope. |
| endoplasmic reticulum ER | helps make and move materials inside the cell, mainly proteins and lipids (fats) |
| rough ER | bumpy and rough, covered in ribosomes (tiny dots), makes proteins. |
| smooth ER | no ribosomes, makes lipids (fats) |
| Golgi apparatus | distributes and processes proteins and lipids |
| Mitochondria | produces atp (energy), takes and breaks down nutrients, giving energy |
| chloroplast | PLANTS ONLY, photosynthesis, produce sugars light / glucose / CO2 and O2 |
| chlorophyll | in membrane, captures light |
| PLANT | large singular vacuole |
| ANIMAL | small, multiple vacuole |
| Hypothesis | educated guess about the outcome of your experiment |
| independent variable | the variable controlled by the experimenter |
| dependent variable | variable that changes in response to the independent variable |
| controlled variable | doesn't change; unaffected, used for comparison |
| termites | recycle nutrients, breakdown trees and vines, breakdown wood |
| termites' bigger effects | give back to ecosystems, contribute to the decomposition cycle, greenhouse gases, release methane through digestion, release carbon dioxide |
| caste system | broken down into 3 colonies |
| reproductives | king and queen |
| soldiers | defend against invaders, blind |
| workers | biggest percent of population, blind, deaf, sterile |
| pheromone | A chemical that animals release to affect the behavior or body of another animal in the same species |
| chemoreceptors | termites' antennae used to sense pheromones |
| primer pheromones | cause slow, long term |
| releaser pheromones | work quickly and cause immediate behaviors |
| dodecatrienol | the alcohol component of the trail making pheromone |
| why termites use dodecatrienol | dodecatrienol evaporates easily, helping the pheromone spread through the air so other termites can detect it. |
| alcohol based compounds | common in plant materials like rotting wood, which is a part of termites' diet. because of this, termites likely evolved to use these natural chemicals for communication |
| eyepiece | where you look into the microscope, this part allows you to view the image on the stage and contains the ocular lense |
| base | the bottom of the microscope |
| nosepiece | holds the objective lenses and is able to rotate to change magnification |
| stage | part of the microscope that supports the slide being viewed |
| coarse adjustment knob | moves the stage up and down to help you get the specimen into view |
| fine adjustment knob | moves the stage slightly to help you sharpen or "fine" tune your view of the specimen |
| diaphragm | adjusts the amount of light that reaches the specimen (ranges from 1-5, 5 being the most) |
| stage clips | used to hold slide in place |
| objective lenses | found on the nosepiece and range from low to high power |
| arm | used to support microscope while being carried |
| light source | project light upwards to allow you to see specimen |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid, hereditary material in all humans and almost all other organisms |
| 4 chemical bases | adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T) |
| bases pair in specific order: | A & T, G & C |
| order of bases determines: | physical appearance, behavior patterns, body functions |
| bases | middle range, store generic info |
| sugar | side rails, structural support |
| phosphate group | other side of rails, structural support |
| when cells divide: | DNA undergoes replication |
| DNA (double stranded) turns to: | RNA (single stranded) |
| RNA creates: | proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum |
| strawberries contain ____ copies of DNA per cell | 8 |
| why are strawberries perfect for DNA extraction? | high DNA copy numbers |
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