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biodiversity exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| biodiversity | the mix of different animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms that make up our natural world |
| biomes | Distinctive complex of plants created and maintained by climate • Share same/similar climate, topographic and soil conditions, and comparable communities • Influenced most by latitude, altitude, precipitation |
| ecosystem | a physical and biological system formed by a community of living beings that inhabit a physical environment. |
| habitats | place where a species is adapted to live (based on the conditions and resources |
| factors that affect population density | biotic potential and environmental resistance |
| what are examples of biotic potential | reproductive rate, ability to migrate or disperse, ability to invade new habitats, defense mechanisms, |
| what are examples of environmental resistance | lack of food or nutrients, lack of water, lack of suitable habitat, weather conditions, predators, disease |
| niche | the role a species plays like the food they eat, where it lives etc |
| what is the organization of an ecosystem | species, population, biological community |
| keystone species | a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically. Types of keystone species |
| what are examples of keystone species | predator, prey, ecosystem engineer, mutualists |
| what are ecosystem engineers | beavers, african savannah elephants |
| what are mutualists | two or more species that engage in reciprocally vital interactions ex, hummingbird and flower |
| indicator species | serves as a measure of the environmental conditions that exist in a given locale, used to monitor environmental changes, assess the efficacy of management, and provide warning signals for impending ecological shifts |
| what are examples of indicator species | Amphibians such as frogs and toads indicate pollution, Tubifex worms (bloodworms) indicate oxygen-poor and stagnant water unfit to drink, Algae can serve as an indicator of the degree of deterioration of water quality |
| endemic species | those that are restricted to a geographical area and do not occur naturally in any other part of the world |
| examples of endemic species | kangaroos, lemur, poison dart frog |
| invasive species | plants, animals, or pathogens that are non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration, and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause harm |
| examples of invasive species | zebra mussels, asian carp, hydrilla |
| what are the main species interactions | commensalism, mutualism, parasitism, amensalism |
| symbiosis | Closely living together of members of two or more species |
| commensalism | interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association in a relationship in which one benefits and the other is unaffected |
| mutualism | an interaction between individuals of different species that results in positive (beneficial) effects on per capita reproduction and/or survival of the interacting populations |
| parasitism | Parasitism is generally defined as a relationship between the two living species in which one organism is benefitted at the expense of the other. The organism that is benefitted is called the parasite, while the one that is harmed is called the host. |
| amensalism | association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected. |
| what is the difference between amensalism and commensalism | commensalism is positive interaction, amensalism is negative commensalism: one organism gets benefit, other organism not impacted amensalism: interacting organism does not get any benefit, organism is harmed ex. penicilin attacks bacteria |
| reasons for decline in population | habitat change, population/overexploitation, speciation rates, pollution, invasive species, land management, changing species interactions |
| what is conversion (related to habitat change) | a fundamental change in a natural habitat, usually caused by human activity in that area |
| what is fragmentation (regarding habitat change) | when large blocks of habitat are cut into smaller pieces by development such as roads or housing. The remaining block may be too small to sustain populations of a number of species. Also results in barriers to species movement |
| what is simplification (regarding habitat change) | The action of changing a landscape from containing a diverse range of both plant and animal species into an area where only a few species can now exist. It can be caused by bushfire, grazing or any human interaction with a landscape. |
| Human-mediated Speciation | Humans drive rapid evolution through relocation, domestication, hunting and novel ecosystem creation, Human activity has done much to create barriers to breeding, and to create new selection pressures |
| bioaccumulation | the net accumulation of a contaminant in or on an organism from all sources including water, air, and diet |
| biomagnification | the concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely disbursed. A prominent example is of mercury within predatory fish. This level is so high that consuming these can cause cancer |
| biome | a community of plants and animals that have common characteristics for the environment in which they exist |
| terrestrial biome (definition, factors) | the collection of ecosystems sharing similar climatic conditions |
| aquatic biome (definition, factors) | chemical environment, salt and oxygen concentration, light |
| What can override the factors controlling terrestrial biomes? | climate change |
| What factors determine aquatic biomes? What are the 2 types. | determined by light and availability 1) freshwater 2) marine |
| limnetic | relating to, or inhabiting, the open water of a body of fresh water, such as a lake or pond |
| profundal | Occurring in or designating the deep- water zone of an inland lake |
| benthic | anything that occurs on or in the bottom of a body of water. |
| neritic | relating to or denoting the shallow part of the sea near a coast and overlying the continental shelf |
| intertidal | denoting the area of a seashore which is covered at high tide and uncovered at low tide |
| subtidal | he area of the ocean that is always underwater, below the low tide mark |
| bathyal | zone of the ocean/sea between continental shelf and abyssal zone |
| abyssal | relating to depths of the ocean – between 3,000m & 6,000m |
| hadal | ones greater than 6,000 m depth (the deep ocean trenches) |
| photic | where light reaches |
| aphotic | no light reaches |
| What are some general trends on biodiversity | Tropical habitats have more species relative to temperate and polar areas, Wetlands are biodiversity hot spots on land, while coral reefs are water equivalent, There are a greater number of smaller species than larger species |
| What factors impact biodiversity | climate, precipitation, disturbance, competition, predation, productivity rate |
| What are the 3 types of diversity? | genetic, species, ecological |
| Shannon-Weiner index | H’ = |∑ (pi)(ln pi)|, his index is the most widely used to measure species diversity, range is from 0 to 7 |
| Simpsons index | D = 1- Σ(pi)2, suggests that diversity is inversely related to the probability that two individuals picked at random belong to the same species, 0 to 1 |
| biodiversity | refers to the number of different species of organisms in a biome |
| genetic diversity | looks at differences among individuals within a population, or at difference across different populations of the same species |
| species diversity | the number of different species in a particular ecosystem or on Earth |
| ecological diversity | many types of functional units formed by living communities interacting with their environments |
| abundance | the total number or organisms in an areas – doesn’t matter what species they are |
| species richness | number of different species in an area. Does not matter how abundant they area. the greater the number of species, the more rich the community |
| species evenness | a description of the distribution of abundance across the species in a community. Species evenness is highest when all species in a sample have the same abundance. Evenness approaches zero as relative abundances vary. |
| formula for species evenness | E = H’/ ln(R) |
| formula for species richness | R = s |
| What were hunter-gatherer – how does relate to the history of agriculture? | it was before agriculture was used for profit and production |
| When did agriculture appear in human history and what was it’s affect.? | It started to appear after industrialization |
| How did the industrial revolution impact agriculture? | It made it quicker and easier to farm |
| What is the Green Revolution | The Green Revolution was a Post WWII set of events that created the next boom in agricultural activity, Steady increase in food production, but decrease in # of farms Technological advances ▪ Irrigation ▪ Fertilizers/pesticides ▪ High yield varieties |
| List 5 major changes to agriculture because of the Green Revolutio | Increase in monocultures of highly-bred or genetically modified species, Increased input of irrigation, fertilizer, herbicides, pesticides, Plot of land is used for more than one type of crop each year, Increased use of water, heavy equipment, energy |
| What are the two types of agriculture? (list and describe) | 1: Demand-Based Agriculture (associated with industrial agriculture) 2. Resource-Based Agriculture (associated with subsistence and organic/local agriculture |
| What are the two types of crops? | Cash crops may provide non-food products (latex, tobacco) • Provide products which do not make up our primary nutrition (tea, coffee) Subsistence crops • Crops that produce food resources |
| What are the six ingredients needed for successful agriculture? List and describe | arable land, water, seeds, nutrition/fertilizer, energy, effective pest control |
| What is soil | a complex mixture of minerals, decomposing organic materials, and living organisms |
| List the five ways that soil is degraded. (list and describe) | desertification, salinization, loss of fertility, soil erosion, grazing, conversion/fragmentation |
| What is chemical vs mechanical erosion? | Mechanical erosion is the physically breaking down of rock by wind and water. • Chemical erosion are changes in the molecular structure of the rock because of chemical reactions |
| What is PVR soil? | he best soils for farming have deep topsoil layers. PVR Soils are considered the most important soils from an environmental science perspective. Arable land |
| What are the negative impacts of overgrazing? | • Reduces edible plant life • Causes weeds to become more prevalent • Causes erosion of the soil • Harder to keep livestock healthy • Short grasses replace tall grasses |
| What is conversion/fragmentation? | efers to losing fertile (nutrient rich) soils to other uses, such as building urban areas or roads. |
| What are the two major impacts of agriculture on water? | Excess water use and water pollution |
| List and describe 3 tyeps of irrigation and their efficiency. | Overhead sprinklers (20% efficient) • Underground drip (90-95% eff) • Center-pivot (80% efficient) |
| What is hydroponics? | plants grown with their roots immersed in water containing all the necessary nutrients for growth. No soil is needed. Takes place in a greenhouse, allowing for a longer growing season and decreased need for pesticides. |
| What is a riparian zone? What happens when it is removed? | These are areas of land that connect the upland zone (the area of the watershed that does not receive regular flooding by a stream) to the aquatic zone (the area of the stream channel covered by water), |
| What are the main ways that agriculture pollutes water? | Sedimentation of waterways • Effects of pesticides and waste lagoons |
| What is eutrophication and how does it occur? | EXCESS NUTRIENTS, ALGAE BLOOM, OXYGEN DEPLETION, DEAD ZONES |
| What is a dead zone? | water that is completely depleted of oxygen becomes a dead zone and can no longer support life. |
| What are GMO’s. Why have other countries outlawed them? | made through artificial selection and crossbreeding DNA, outlawed because it has harmful toxins and creates less diversity |
| How are organisms genetically modified? (list and describe the 2 ways. | artificial selection, crossbreeding DNA |
| What are the advanrtages and disadvantages of GMO’s? | advantages: Less fertilizers, Less water, Grow faster, Less land needed disadvantages: Unpredictable genetic and ecological effects, Harmful toxins in food from possible plant mutations, Lower nutrition |
| What could happen if GMO’s were outlawed in the US? | Would mean less food • More land needed because need larger fields needed to grow the same amount of food • Increase in crop land and decrease in forested areas would lead to higher greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. |
| What are the 3 nutrients needed for plant growth? | Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium |
| What is organic vs. inorganic fertilizers? | Inorganic Fertilizer: synthetically made from minerals Organic Fertilizer: Derived from plant and animal matter (non-synthetic |
| How is energy used in agriculture? | used to cultivate crops (heavy equipment/machinery like tractors) and distribute food across the planet (trucks, planes, trains, etc.) |
| Biological/ecological vs chemical pest control | bio/eco: Based on knowledge of the pest’s life cycle and ecological relationships May be other organisms or chemicals,May be highly specific to one organism, May manipulate some aspect of the ecosystem;chemical:gives only short-term protection, Has highl |
| What are herbicides, pesticides and insecticides? | |
| What is resistance to chemical pest control? | |
| Be able to list some pros and cons to using chemical pest control. | |
| How iare agroecosystems different from natural ecosystems? | |
| what is demand based ag? | Determined by Economic Demand ▪ Limited by supply and demand |
| resource-Based Agriculture (associated with subsistence and organic/local agriculture | Determined by Resource Availability ▪ Economic demand exceeds production |
| what is arable land? | land that is fertile and can be used for crops |
Created by:
Mckenzie Phelps