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Adverse reactions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Therapeutic effects: | clinically desirable actions |
| Adverse effects: | undesirable reactions |
| Toxic reaction: | the desired effect is excessive |
| Side effect: | dose-related reaction that is not part of the desired therapeutic outcome |
| Contraindication: | an aspect of a patient’s condition that makes the use of a certain drug or therapy an unwise or dangerous decision |
| Idiosyncratic reaction: | genetically related abnormal drug response |
| Drug Allergy: | immunologic response to a drug resulting in a reaction such as a rash or anaphylaxis |
| Interference with natural defense mechanisms: | when a drug reduces the body’s ability to fight infections. |
| Teratogenic Effect: | abnormality in fetal development caused by exposure to certain substances, such as drugs, chemicals, or infections during pregnancy |
| Type I hypersensitivity: | Immediate hypersensitivity reactions. IgE antibodies: produces vasodilation, edema and the inflammatory response. bronchioles, resulting in anaphylactic shock. Respiratory, results in rhinitis and asthma. Skin results in urticaira |
| Type II hypersensitivity: | IgG or IgM antibodies. Antibody complex is fixed to a circulating blood cell causing lysis. Results in anemia |
| Type III hypersensitivity: | aggregations of antigens and antibodies, where antibodies out number antigens forming clumps: manifested as serum sickness, urticarial, arthritis, lymphadenopathy and fever. |
| Type IV hypersensitivity: | Delayed hypersensitivity. Sensitized T-lymphocytes and macrophages. Manifests as allergic contact dermatitis, poison oak, poison ivy, reaction to jewelry, topical benzocaine, etc.. |
| Dyspepsia: | general discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen: symptoms bloating, nausea, and indigestion. |
| Stomatitis: | a broad term that refers to any inflammation of the mouth and lips, including the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth |
| Oral Mucositis: | A specific type of stomatitis involving painful inflammation and ulcerations of the mucous membranes in the mouth, most commonly as a side effect of cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy |
| Stevens-Johnson Syndrome: | is a rare but serious disorder of the skin and mucous membranes, typically triggered by a severe reaction to medications or, less commonly, infections. |
| Erythema multiforme: | is an acute, immune-mediated skin condition characterized by the sudden appearance of distinctive target-like (bullseye) lesions, often triggered by infections or medications |
| Necrosis: | premature death of cells or tissues in the body due to factors like injury, infection, or lack of blood flow |
| Urticaria: | commonly known as hives, is a skin condition characterized by raised, itchy welts or bumps |
| Teratogenic – | refers to something that can cause birth defects or harm to a developing baby during pregnancy |
| Pregnancy Trimesters – | pregnancy is divided into three trimesters, each lasting about three months |
| Risk to Benefit Ratio – | is a way to compare the potential risks and benefits of a decision or treatment |
| Contraindicated – | something, like a medication or treatment, should not be used because it could be harmful in certain situations. |
| Lactation – | is the process of producing milk in the breasts after childbirth, allowing the mother to feed her baby |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – | a condition in babies cause by a mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy, it can lead to physical and mental disabilities, including growth problems, facial abnormalities and learning difficulties |
| Neonate – | is a newborn baby, specifically within the first 28 days of life |
| Syndactyly – | condition where two or more fingers or toes are fused together, either partially or completely at birth |
| Oligodactyly – | condition where a person is born with fewer than the usual number of fingers or toes |
| Spina bifida – | is a birth defect where the spinal cord doesn’t develop properly, leaving a gap in the spine. This can lead to physical and neurological problems. |
| Jaundice – | is a condition where the skin and eyes turn yellow due to a buildup of bilirubin, a substance produced when the body breaks down red blood cells. Often a sign of liver problems |
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