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Spielvogel 12 & 13
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Renaissance | the rebirth of classical culture that occurred between 1350 and 1550. Also the earlier revivals of Classical culture that occurred under Charlemagne and in the 12th century. |
| Hanseatic League | commonly called The Hansa, was a medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe. |
| Medici | A wealthy and influential Florentine banking family who became major patrons of the arts and politics during the Renaissance. |
| Book of the Courtier | A Renaissance work by Baldassare Castiglione describing the ideals and behavior of the perfect noble. |
| Italian States | Independent city-states like Florence, Venice, and Milan that became centers of trade, wealth, and culture during the Renaissance. |
| Florence | The birthplace of the Italian Renaissance, known for its thriving art, banking, and political influence under the Medici. |
| Niccolò Machiavelli | Renaissance political thinker and author of The Prince, who argued that rulers should use any means necessary to maintain power. |
| Petrarch | Known as the “Father of Humanism,” he revived interest in classical texts and emphasized individual achievement. |
| Johannes Gutenberg | Inventor of the movable-type printing press, which revolutionized the spread of knowledge in Europe. |
| Renaissance Artists | Painters, sculptors, and architects like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael who combined classical ideals with realism. |
| Leonardo da Vinci | A true “Renaissance Man,” known for his art (Mona Lisa, The Last Supper) and scientific observations. |
| Raphael | Renaissance painter famous for his balanced compositions and idealized portrayals of the human form (The School of Athens). |
| Michelangelo | Renowned sculptor and painter known for masterpieces like David, The Pietà, and the Sistine Chapel ceiling. |
| Albrecht Dürer | German Renaissance artist who mastered engraving and brought Italian Renaissance styles to northern Europe. |
| Ivan III | The Grand Prince of Moscow who ended Mongol rule and established the foundation for the Russian state. |
| Byzantine Empire | The eastern continuation of the Roman Empire, preserving Greco-Roman culture and Orthodox Christianity until 1453. |
| John Hus | Czech reformer who criticized Church corruption and was burned at the stake, inspiring later Protestant movements. |
| Christian Humanism | A movement combining humanist principles with a focus on reforming Christianity through education and piety. |
| Erasmus | Dutch Christian humanist who called for reform of the Church through education and moral improvement (In Praise of Folly). |
| Thomas à Kempis | Author of The Imitation of Christ, emphasizing personal piety and inner devotion over external rituals. |
| Martin Luther | German monk who challenged Church corruption and began the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses. |
| Justification by Faith | Luther’s belief that salvation comes through faith in God’s grace alone, not good works. |
| 95 Theses | Luther’s 1517 list of criticisms against the Catholic Church’s sale of indulgences and corruption. |
| Ulrich Zwingli | Swiss reformer who sought to simplify Christian worship and remove Catholic practices not found in Scripture. |
| Anabaptists | Radical reformers who believed in adult baptism and separation of church and state. |
| King Henry VIII | English monarch who broke from the Catholic Church and created the Church of England to secure an annulment. |
| Book of Common Prayer | The official liturgical text of the Church of England, first issued under Edward VI. |
| John Calvin | Protestant reformer who emphasized predestination and established a strict theocracy in Geneva. |
| Institutes of the Christian Religion | Calvin’s foundational theological work explaining Protestant beliefs and church organization. |
| Predestination | Calvinist doctrine that God has already chosen who will be saved and who will be damned. |
| John Knox | Scottish reformer who established Presbyterianism and spread Calvinist ideas in Scotland. |
| Jesuits | Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, devoted to education, missionary work, and defending Catholicism. |
| Ignatius Loyola | Founder of the Jesuits who emphasized discipline, education, and absolute devotion to the Catholic Church. |
| Index of Forbidden Books | A list published by the Catholic Church of works considered heretical or dangerous to faith. |
| Council of Trent | Catholic meeting (1545–1563) that reformed Church practices and reaffirmed traditional doctrines. |
| Huguenots | French Protestants influenced by Calvinism who faced severe persecution in Catholic France. |
| Queen Elizabeth | The English queen who established Protestantism firmly in England and led a cultural “Golden Age.” |
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