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Marissa Smith
Unit 2: Chapter 15: Axial Muscles
| Fascicles | group of skeletal muscles |
| What are the three types of fiber arrangements seen in skeletal muscles? | Perimysium, epimysium, endomysium |
| What is the purpose for the Epimysium? | to surround the entire muscle organ |
| What is the purpose for the Perimysium? | to surround a fascicle (bundle) of muscle fibers |
| What is the purpose for the Endomysium? | to surround an individual muscle fiber |
| How can muscle shapes be categorized? | Parallel, convergent, Pennate, Fusiform, Spiral, Circular Muscles |
| What is a parallel muscle? | long straplike muscle with parallel fascicles (ex; sartorius muscle of leg) |
| What is a convergent muscle? | fascicles radiate out from small to wider points of attachment (ex; pectoralis major muscle) |
| What is a pennate muscle? | three categories of muscles, unique different types of fascicle attachments in some way, resemble a feather |
| What is a unipennate muscle? | fascicles anchor to only one side of connect tissue shaft (soleus) |
| What is a bipennate muscle? | type of double-feathered attachment of fascicles |
| What is a multipennate muscle? | interconnecting quill-like fascicles converge on common point of attachment (deltoid) |
| What is a Fusiform muscle? | fascicle close to parallel in center, "belly" of muscle but converge to tendon at one or both end (brachioradialis) |
| What is a Spiral muscle? | fibers that twist between their points of attachment (latissimus dorsi) |
| What is a Circular (orbicular or sphincter) muscle? | circle body or tubes (orbicularis oris around mouth) (external anal sphincter around anus) |
| What the points of attachment for a muscle? | origin and insertion |
| What is the origin? | point of attachment, it does not move when muscles contract |
| What is Insertion? | point of attachment, it moves when muscles contract |
| What the terms used to describe muscle action? | prime mover (agonist), antagonist, synergist, fixator |
| Each term used to describe muscle action helps understand? | functional muscle patterns; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction |
| What is a prime mover? | a muscle that directly performs a specific movement |
| What is a agonist? | a "mover" muscle that directly contributes to same action as prime mover |
| What is an antagonist? | a muscle that, when contracting, directly opposes prime movers (or agonist) |
| What is a synergist? | a muscle that contracts at the same time as a prime mover |
| What is fixator? | a muscle that functions as a joint stabilizer |
| Why is the lever system important? | it helps understand muscle action |
| What is the lever system? | it is a simple mechanical device, that makes work of moving a weight or other load easier in some way |
| What are the parts that the lever system is composed of? | 1. rigid rod or bar (bone) 2. fixed pivot (fulcrum (F)) around which lever moves (joint) 3.load (L), or resistance, that is moved 4. force, or pull (P), produces movement (muscle contraction) |
| How is the Lever system categorized? | first-class lever, second-class lever, third-class lever |
| What is the purpose for the first-class lever? | a fulcrum in first-class lever lies between effort, or pull (P), & resistance, or load (L), as in set of scales |
| What is the purpose for the second-class lever? | load lies between fulcrum & joint at which pull is exerted |
| What is the purpose for the third-class lever? | pull is exerted between fulcrum & resistance or load to be moved |
| How are some ways muscles can be named? | Location, function, shape, number of heads or division, points of attachment, size of muscle |
| ________ of muscles produces facial expressions | contraction |
| occipitofrontalis | two muscles, one portion lies over forehead (frontal bone); other cover occipital bone in back of head |
| two muscular parts, or bellies, joined by connective tissue aponeurosis (___________) covers top of skull | epicranial aponeurosis |
| two occipitofrontalis bellies, along with epicranial aponeurosis, are together, __________ | epicranius muscle |
| What does the corrugator supercilii do? | draws eyebrows together and produces vertical wrinkles above nose (frowning) |
| What does the orbicularis oculi do? | it encircles and closes eye (blinks) |
| What does the orbicularis oris & buccinator do? | puckers the mouth (kissing) & press lips, cheeks against the teeth |
| What does the zygomaticus major do> | draws the corner of mouth upwards (laughing) |
| What muscles are responsible for chewing movements? | mastication |
| powerful muscles elevate & retract mandible (_____&______) or open and protrude it will causing sideways movement (______) | masseter & temporalis, pterygoids |
| both ________ muscles contract at same type, head flexed on thorax | sternocleidomastoid |
| what muscle is the extensor of head & helps flex laterally | semi spinalis capitis |
| What do the splenius capitis do? | they are muscles that serve as strong extensors that return their head to upright position after flexion |
| bandlike ________ muscles are covered not visible | longissimus capitis |
| what is the main function of trapezius? | muscle in neck and across shoulders to move shoulders (scapulae) |
| why are the muscles of the thorax important? | they are critical in respiration |
| ____________ attach to ribs at different places, and fibers are oriented in different directions | internal & external intercostal muscles |
| during inspiration, dome-shaped ________ flattens, increasing size and volume of thoracic cavity | diaphragm |
| what are the three layers, of muscles of anterior and lateral abdominal wall | external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis |
| external oblique | muscle fascicles or fibers extend inferiorly and medially |
| internal oblique | fibers or middle muscle layer, run at almost right angles to external oblique |
| transverse abdominis | innermost muscle layer, directly transversely |
| how do superficial back muscles help us? | they allows us to move our vertebral column, help us bend and stabilize our trunk to maintain stable posture |
| What are erector spinae muscles? | number of long, thin muscles travel all the way down our backs |
| how do the interspinales and multifidus groups help us? | each connect one vertebra to the next; they help extend back & neck or flex them to the side |
| structures of the pelvic cavity are supported by what? | reinforced muscular floor guards outlet below |
| what is the perineum? | muscular pelvic floor filling diamond-shaped outlet |
| passing through floor are _______ & __________ in both sexes & vagina in female | anal canals & urethra |
| What two muscles form most of the pelvic floor? | levator ani & coccygeus muscles |
| Where is the urogenital triangle? | it is a line anterior (above) and extends to pubic symphysis |
| Where is the anal triangle? | posterior (behind it) and ends at coccyx |
| structs in urogenital triangle, ___________ & _____________ are associated with the male penis and female vagina | Ischiocavernosus & bulbospongiosus muscles |
| the constriction of what muscle, help control urine flow? | urethral sphincter |
Created by:
marissas6981