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socio midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| who coined "sociological imagination?" | Charles Wright Mills |
| Define "Cheerful Robots" | The individual who does not exercise reason and passively accepts their social position - alienated from the self and society |
| Example of seeing the general in particular? | People who take pictures with dead fish - representation of masculinity. |
| Example of seeing the strange in familiar? | Waking up in the morning (Why do so many people wake up in the morning?) |
| define Reification | The way in which abstract concepts, complex processes, or mutable social relationships come to be thought of as objects |
| What are social structures | When general patterns persist through time and become routinized at micro levels, or institutionalized at macro or global level e.g going to school, waking up in the morning, applying to university |
| What 3 historical events led to the birth of sociology? | -Scientific Revolution -Industrial Revolution (18th century) -Political revolution |
| Which political revolution led to the birth of sociology? | American revolution (1775-1783) - Independence of US from British Empire. French Revolution (Modern day democracy) - Overthrow monarchy in France - Liberty, equity, Fraternity |
| Who coined the term "sociology" in 1780? | Emmanuel-Joseph Sieye |
| What was the social order of positivism? | -Conservative and hierarchical social order - Social order “must ever be incompatible with a perpetual discussion of the foundations of society” (Comte, 1830/1975). |
| Define positivism | study of Social Patterns through the use of the scientific method |
| Who was the mother of sociology and the first woman sociologist? | Harriet Martineau (1802-1876) |
| What type of social reform was Martineau involved in? | Women's right to vote, to education, to pursue an occupation, and all the legal rights men have in society |
| What did Martineau introduce to sociology? | sociology as a methodologically rigorous discipline + Introduced the missing women’s perspective from the field |
| Who created English translations of Comte's writings? | Harriet Martineau (The Positive Philosophy) |
| What did Emile Durkheim introduce to Sociology? | he established sociology as a formal academic discipline, and published “The Rules of Sociological Methods” and “Elementary Forms of Religious” |
| 4 types of suicide? | Altruistic suicide = too much integration, Egoistic suicide = not enough integration, Fatalistic suicide = too much regulation, Anomic suicide = not enough regulations |
| Define collective consciousness | the shared set of beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes that act as a unifying force in a society |
| Define Mechanical solidarity and Organic solidary | Mechanical solidarity occurs in relatively small societies where individuals perform similar tasks. Organic solidarity is social cohesion based on the mutual trust of individuals in more advanced societies. |
| Define Anomie | a state of normlessness and loss of social authority over individual |
| Define integration | Integration refers to how integrated a person is with their society. |
| What did Emile argue about suicide? | He argued that suicide, the most personal choice, is socially created. |
| examples of too much integration, too much regulation, and not enough regulation? | E.g of too much integration: Mass suicide between cult members E.g of too much regulation: Being told when to and when not to interact with prison mates. E.g of not too much regulations: War, genocide |
| Define social facts | studies without referencing to individual experience |
| Which theory is Karl Marx known for? | Historical Materialism and being critical of the capitalist system |
| Define Historical Materialism | conception of history through material conditions rather than ideological foundations |
| What did Karl Marx believe about the capitalist system? | He believed that the capitalist system does not provide for the general public. It was created to serve and benefit the rich. |
| Define Alienation | lack of connection with produce of labor, other workers and oneself |
| define Proletariat | working class |
| Define Bourgeois | owners of the means of production |
| Define False consciousness | belief and support for the system that oppresses you |
| Define class consciousness | recognition of domination and subordination and seeing social action for change |
| What are Superstructures and Base | Base is forces of production, Relations of production. Superstructure is all other aspects of society |
| Who was Max Weber? | Author of “The Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism” |
| What was Weber's Verstehende soziologie = interpretive sociology? | “A science which attempts the interpretive understanding of social action in order to arrive at a casual explanation of its course and effects” (Weber, 1922) |
| How did Weber view sociology? | Sociology as a subjective discipline |
| What research approach did Weber argue for? | Qualitative Research |
| What did George Simmel focus on? | Emergence of social form and micro-level interaction |
| Define Formal sociology | the study of the forms of social interaction, such as competition or subordination, to find common patterns across different social contexts |
| Who was the first black sociologist | W.E.B DUBOIS, Author of “The Soul of Black Folks” |
| Define Double consciousness | acknowledgement of their views of themselves and imposed views of others |
| Define theory | A proposed explanation about social interactions or society |
| What are three types of sociological knowledge | Positivism, interpretive, critical/conflict |
| What are Critical/conflict theories | We understand how society functions, but how can we address inequality and how can we bring change? |
| Define structural functionalism | A theoretical approach that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals that make up that society |
| Define interpretive theories | research perspectives focused on understanding how individuals and groups create meaning in their everyday lives and social interactions |
| Define Dynamic Equilibrium | -When all parts of social structures work together to create a stable state |
| Define AGIL scheme | -adaption = how the system adapts to its environment -Goal attainment -Integration -Latent pattern maintenance = how basic cultural patterns, values belief, systems, etc. are regulated and maintained |
| Define Manifest function | the consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated E.g going to a sociology lecture to learn and educate oneself |
| Define latent function | the unsought consequences of a social process E.g getting bullied at school |
| Define social interactionism | individuals' sense of self and their understanding of the world are shaped by social interactions and the meanings they attribute to those interactions. |
| Define symbolic interactionism | A theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationship of individuals within their society by studying their communication (language and symbols) |
| Who was the founder of Social interactionism | George Herbert Mead |
| who coined Symbolic Interactionism | Herbert Blumer |
| What is Herberts "Me and I" theory? | "Me" is basically the part of you that society sees and "I" is how you respond to the "me" |
| What are the three premises of social interactionism? | 1) people act toward things based on the meaning those things have for them; 2) the meaning of those things comes from social interaction; and 3) these meanings are handled and modified through an interpretation process. |
| What are the two values of critical sociology? | 1. That human life is worth living, or rather that it can be and ought to be made worth living. 2. In a given society, specific possibilities exist for the improvement of human life and the specific ways and means of realizing these possibilities |
| Define dialectical approach | a method of reasoning that involves examining opposing or contradictory ideas to find a resolution or a deeper truth |
| 4 characteristics of dialectical approach | Everything is related 2. Everything in society is dynamic -Gradual accumulation may create transformation Tension formed around the relationship of power is the key driver of social change |
| define Patriarchy | A set of institutional structures that are based on the belief that men and women naturally belong to dichotomous and unequal categories |
| What are 4 characteristics of feminist perspective | Gender differences are the central focus or subject matter Gender relations are viewed as a social problem Gender relations are are sociological and historical in nature, subject to change Feminism is about an emancipatory commitment to change |
| what are Contemporary Social Theories | Post structural theories of knowledge, power, and discourse e.g queer theory, post colonial theories and orientalism |
| define Sociological research | a systematic approach to gathering data through an agreed upon set of methodological approaches |
| define empirical evidence | evidence collected through direct experience and/or observation |
| Steps of sociological research | Ask a question, research existing sources, formulate a hypothesis , design and conduct a study, draw conclusions, report results |
| What are the 3 variables in sociology | Independent variable, Dependent variable, Intervening variable |
| What are the Six Common Sociological Methods | Survey 2. Interviews 3. Participants Observation 4. Content Analysis 5. Secondary Data Analysis 6. Participatory Action Research |
| key framework of sociological methods | Levels of analysis, Mixed method, Triangulation, Ethical Concerns |
| steps of the sociological method | Asking a Question - Research Existing Sources - Formulate a Hypothesis - Design and Conduct a study - Draw Conclusions - Report Results |
| What is Positivist approach | Quantitative methodology |
| What is Interpretive approach | Qualitative methodology |
| What is critical approach | Both methods (qualitative and quantitative) |
| Define Hypothesis | A tentative statement about a particular relationship that is easureable through empirical data |
| define Variable | Characteristic or measure of a social phenomenon that can take different values |
| define Independent variable | the variable that causes the change |
| define Dependent variable | Variable that changed through intervention of independent variable |
| define Intervening variable | A variable that can change the dependent variable due to the change in the independent variable |
| define Operational Definition | Specific explanations of abstract concepts that a researcher plans to study |
| Define Correlation | Change in one variable coincides with a change in another Causation |
| Define Spurious correlation | False correlation between two or more variables |
| Define culture | Shared beliefs, values, and practices. |
| What are the five aspects of culture | 1. Culture is learned. 2. Culture is shared. 3. Culture is transmitted. 4. Culture is cumulative. 5. Culture is human |
| What are the 4 Elements of culture | Values and Belief, norms, Folkways, Mores, and Taboos, Symbols and Language |
| define Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | The idea that people understand the world based on their form of language. |
| define Value | A culture’s standard for discerning desirable states in society (what is true, good, just, or beautiful). |
| define belief | ideas that people hold to be true about social values. |
| define Norms | The visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured |
| define Formal norms | Written and established rules which are agreed upon to serve most people |
| define Folkways | Norms based on social preferences that direct appropriate behaviour in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture. |
| define Mores | Norms based on social requirements, which are based on the moral views and principles of a group. |
| define Taboos | Strong prohibitions based on deeply held sacred or moral beliefs. |
| define Symbols and language | gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture |
| define Material culture | The objects or belongings of a group of people |
| Define Nonmaterial culture | the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society. |
| define Language | A symbolic system of communication - Written, spoken, Non-verbal action |
| define Ethnocentrism | the tendency to view one’s own culture as superior to all others. |
| define Cultural relativism | appreciation of the diversity of cultures and understanding of the uniqueness of each cultural practice |
| define Cultural shock | Feeling of disorientation, alienation, depression, and loneliness when encountering a culture different from one’s cultural identity |
| define Socialization | Process by which people become members of society. |
| what is nature vs nurture | a debate about the extent to which particular traits or behaviors are due to innate genetic and biological factors ("nature") or external, environmental influences ("nurture") |
| what Is self in sociology | a distinct, socially constructed sense of identity that develops through social interaction and is shaped by a person's understanding of how others perceive them |
| What was Freuds view/theory on self development | y proposes that personality develops through a series of five childhood stages—oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital—where pleasure-seeking energy, or libido, is focused on different erogenous zones. |
| What was Erik Eriksons view/theory on self development | Theory of personalitydevelopment - Culturally diverse |
| Define looking glass theory | looking glass theory posits that our self-concept is developed through a social process, based on our perception of how others view us |
| who introduced looking glass theory | Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929) |
| Who introduced me and I theory | George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) |
| Define Agency and Roles | agency is the capacity of individuals to act independently and make their own choices, while roles are the social expectations and behaviors associated with a particular status or position |
| define meads Four stages of child development | Preparatory stage, Play stage , Game stage, Understanding the concept of generalized other =The common behavioural expectations of generalsociety |
| define Dubois' Double–Consciousness | African Americans have two conflicting identities: one as an American and one as a Black person. It is the feeling of being both a citizen and "a problem," |
| who introduced double consciousnesss | W.E.B. DuBois |
| Who introduced Agency and Roles | George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) |
| Who introduced four stages of child development | George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) |
| Social agent and Institutional Agents | a social agent is any individual who acts as an agent of socialization, such as a parent or a friend, while an institutional agent is a formal or informal social institution that socializes individuals |
| define Liquid modernity | Liquid modernity is a concept introduced by sociologist Zygmunt Bauman to describe the rapidly changing and unpredictable nature of contemporary society. |
| define Resocialization | a process where old behaviors are replaced with new ones, often involving a radical change in a person's values and beliefs |
| define total institution | a social setting where a large number of individuals live and work together, cut off from the wider society, and under the control of a single authority |
| What is Degradation ceremony | a ritual that publicly transforms an individual's identity into a lower social status |
| what is Mortification of the self | a concept introduced by Erving Goffman to describe the process in total institutions where an individual's identity is systematically stripped away |
| What is the idea of self | a person's distinct sense of identity, developed and shaped through social interaction, rather than being purely innate. |
| what is Construction self | Construction self is a response to other’s reaction to you |
| What are three social group agents | Family, Peer group, institutions (e.g school) |
| which are the Institutional Agents | Education, Workplace, Religion, Government, Mass media |
| define Deductive Reasoning | Hypothesis derived from theory and measured - Quantitative data collection |
| define Inductive Reasoning | Hypothesis emerges only after a substantial period of direct observation or interaction with subjects - Qualitative data collection |
| define validity and reliability | Validity = The accuracy of a given measurement - Reliability = The consistency of a given result |
| elements of "interview" method | Quantitative survey’s open-ended questions structured Qualitative Structured Semi structured Unstructured Power relations and imbalance of power |
| elements of "survey" method | Data collection from subjects who respond to a series of questions, Population, sample, random sample (random population |
| elements of "participant observation" | Learning through observation Explore the experience from the inside Recording all observation Seek a pattern to formulate a clear hypothesis Three types of participant observation 1. Covert 2. Semi-covert 3. Open |
| elements of "content analysis" | reliably and consistently observed , use of text, quanitative vs qualitative |
| elements of "secondary data" | A research method analyzing the existing data and archival materials Nonreactive research = Unobtrusive research |
| elements of "Participatory Action Research" | Combination of action-oriented goals and the participation of research subjects |
| What are the three levels of analysis | Macro: countries, governments, economies. Meso: companies, occupations, Poli parties. Micro: Individuals, conversations, books |
| define mixed method | Mixed methods is a research approach that combines both quantitative (numerical data) and qualitative (non-numerical data) methods |
| define triangulation | triangulation is a research strategy that uses multiple methods, data sources, theories, or researchers to study a single phenomenon |
| define ethical concerns | Ethical concerns in social contexts involve moral conflicts arising from actions, structures, or technologies that have societal impact |
Created by:
aishamahboob