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Raeoni N
SCI 221-07 Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Physiology ? | The scientific study of how living organism function. Week 1 |
| What is homeostasis? | The maintenance of a stable environment despite external changes. Week 1 |
| What are the three components of a homeostatic control system? | Receptors, Control center , effector Week 1 |
| What is negative feedback ? | A mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point. example: body temperature regulation Week 1 |
| what is positive feedback ? | A mechanism that amplifies a change> Example : Childbirth or blood clotting Week 1 |
| What is dynamic equilibrium? | A balanced state created by continuous adjustment to changes Week 1 |
| What are te four major classes of biomolecules? | Carbohydrates , Lipids , Proteins , nucleic acids Week 2 |
| What is the primary function of carbohydrates ? | Energy Supply (Especially glucose Week 2 |
| What is the structure and function of lipids? | Composed of fatty acids Function ; energy storage , insulation , and cell membrane structure Week 2 |
| What is a protein composed of ? | Amino acids Week 2 |
| What is the function of proteins ? | Used for enzymes , transport , structure , signaling Week 2 |
| What are nucleic acids and their functions ? | DNA & RNA store and transmit genetic information Week 2 |
| Catabolism | Breaks down molecules Week 2 |
| anabolism | Builds up molecules |
| What is the structure of DNA ? | Double helix with a sugar and phosphate backbone and nitrogenous base Week 3 |
| What are the base pairings ? | A to T and C to G * They bond through hydrogen bonds Week 3 |
| What enzyme is key in DNA replication ? | DNA polymerase Week 3 |
| What is a mutation? | A change in DNA sequence * can be silent ,deletion , etc Week 3 |
| What are the stages in a cell cycle ? | G1 , S G2 , Mitosis , Cytokinesis Week 4 |
| What happens during the S phase ? | DNA is replicated Week 4 |
| What regulates the cell cycle ? | Cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases Week 4 |
| What is apoptosis | Programmed cell death Week 4 |
| What is the structure of the cell membrane ? | Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins Week 4 |
| What are the types of membrane proteins ? | Integral and peripheral proteins Week 4 |
| What is simple diffusion? | Passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy Week 4 |
| What is facilitated diffusion ? | Passive transport using carrier or channel proteins Week 4 |
| What is endocytosis ? | When the cell engulfs substances into vesicles Week 4 |
| What is exocytosis ? | When vesicles fuse with the membrane to release substances outside of the cell Week 4 |
| What are the main type of cell signaling ? | Autocrine , paracrine , endocrine , and juxtacrine Week 5 |
| What are the second messengers ? | Intracellular signaling molecules Week 5 |
| What is a G-Protein coupled receptor ? | A receptor that activates G-Proteins to initiate signaling cascades Week 5 |
| What is signaling amplification ? | A single ligand activates multiple second messengers increasing the response . week 5 |
| What are the primary tissue types ? | Epithelial , connective , muscle , and nervous Week 5 |
| What are the main layers of skin ? | Epidermis , Dermis , and hydrodermis Week 5 |
| What are the functions of the skin ? | Protection , Temperature regulation , sensation, and vitamin D synthesis. Week 5 |
| What is the stratum basale ? | The deepest layer of the epidermis where cell division ooccurs Week 5 |
| What are the types of bone tissue ? | Compact bone and spongy bone Week 6 |
| What are osteoblasts? | Bone forming cells Week 6 |
| What are osteoclasts ? | Bone resorbing cells Week 6 |
| What is endochondral ossification ? | Bone formation from cartilage * typically happens in long bones Week 6 |
| What is the intramembranous ossification ? | Bone development directly fro mesenchyme Week 6 |
| What are the classification of bones ? | Long , Short , Flat , Irregular, Sesamoid Week 6 |
| What are the main functions of the skeletal system ? | Support, protection, movement , mineral storage , blood cell production Week 6 |
| What is the epiphyseal plate ? | Growth plate where the bone lengthens during development Week 6 |
| What are the structural types of joints ? | Fibrous, cartilaginous , synovial Week 6 |
| What is a synovial joint ? | Freely movable joint with a cavity containing synovial fluid Week 6 |
| What is the sliding filament theory ? | Muscle contraction occurs as actin and myosin filaments slide past each other Week 6 |
| What role does calcium play in muscle contraction ? | Binds to troponin , shifting tropomyosin to expose actin binding sites Week 6 |
| What is the function of myosin ? | Thick filament that pulls actin during muscle contraction Week 6 |
| What is the function of actin ? | Thin filament that provides binding sites for myosin heads Week 6 |
| What are the steps of the cross bridge cycle ? | Attach (Myosin binds )) , Power stroke , detach ( ATP binds), reattach Week 6 |
| What is the role of ATP in the cross bridge cycle ? | Detaches from the actin and resets the myosin head Week 6 |
| What causes the depolarization in neurons? | Influx of Na+ through voltage gated channels Week 6 |
| What is an action of potential ? | A rapid change in membrane potential that travels along the neuron Week 6 |
| What are refractory periods ? | Times when a neuron can't fire or requires stronger stimulus Week 6 |
| What is saltatory conduction ? | Fast action potential conduction in myelinated axons , jumping node to node Week 6 |
| What is a ligand gated ion channel ? | A membrane channel that opens in response to binding of a chemical messenger Week 7 |
| What is an example of a ligand gated ion channel ? | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Week 7 |
| What happens when ligand gated channels open ? | Specific ions enter or leave the cell , altering the membrane potential Week 7 |
| What is the difference between ligand gated and voltage gated channels ? | Ligand gated channels respond to chemical signals , voltage gated channels respond to membrane potential changes . Week 7 |
Created by:
raeonin