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Physiology week 6
Articulations and Muscle Contraction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an articulation? | The point where two or more bones meet. |
| What are the 3 structural joint types? | Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. |
| What are the 3 functional joint types? | Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), diarthroses (freely movable). |
| Example of a fibrous joint? | Sutures in the skull. |
| Example of a cartilaginous joint? | Pubic symphysis or intervertebral discs. |
| Example of a synovial joint? | Shoulder, knee, or hip joint. |
| What structure encloses a synovial joint? | The joint capsule. |
| What is the function of synovial fluid? | Lubricates and nourishes joint structures. |
| What are bursae? | Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction in joints. |
| Define meniscus. | Fibrocartilage pad that absorbs shock in a joint. |
| What movement decreases the angle between bones? | Flexion. |
| What movement increases the angle between bones? | Extension. |
| What is abduction? | Moving a body part away from the midline. |
| What is adduction? | Moving a body part toward the midline. |
| What is rotation? | Movement around a central axis. |
| What is circumduction? | Circular motion of a limb. |
| What is dorsiflexion? | Bending the foot upward toward the shin. |
| What is plantar flexion? | Pointing the foot downward. |
| What type of joint is the elbow? | Hinge joint (uniaxial). |
| What type of joint is the shoulder? | Ball-and-socket (multiaxial). |
| What are the 3 main functions of muscle? | Movement, posture, and heat production. |
| What is the contractile unit of a muscle fiber? | The sarcomere. |
| Which two filaments slide during contraction? | Actin and myosin. |
| What ion triggers muscle contraction? | Calcium (Ca²⁺). |
| What molecule provides energy for contraction? | ATP. |
| What neurotransmitter starts a muscle impulse? | Acetylcholine (ACh). |
| What are the 3 phases of a twitch contraction? | Latent, contraction, relaxation. |
| What is the sliding filament theory? | Myosin heads pull actin filaments inward, shortening sarcomeres. |
| What is muscle tone? | Continuous partial contraction that maintains posture. |
| What is an isotonic contraction? | Muscle shortens to move a load. |
| What is an isometric contraction? | Tension increases but muscle length stays the same. |
| What is tetanus in muscle physiology? | Sustained contraction due to repeated stimulation. |
| What causes muscle fatigue? | ATP depletion and lactic acid buildup. |
| What are the 4 proteins in myofilaments? | Myosin, actin, tropomyosin, troponin. |
| What is a triad in a muscle fiber? | One T-tubule + two sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
| What are the 4 properties of muscle tissue? | Excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity. |
| What is hypertrophy? | Increase in muscle size due to exercise. |
| What is atrophy? | Decrease in muscle size from disuse. |
| What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? | Aerobic uses O₂ for ATP; anaerobic makes lactic acid. |
| Which muscle type is voluntary? | Skeletal muscle. |
| What feature is unique to cardiac muscle? | Intercalated discs and rhythmic self-stimulation. |
| What is peristalsis? | Wave-like smooth muscle contraction in hollow organs. |
| What maintains body temperature at rest? | Muscle metabolism and shivering. |
| What is the difference between isotonic and isometric? | Isotonic changes length; isometric only changes tension. |
| What keeps the joint stable during motion? | Ligaments, tendons, and muscle tone. |
Created by:
clmaaele