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BD Chapter 7 (mood)
BD test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| involve gross deviations in mood, composed of different types of mood "episodes" | mood disorders |
| Extremely depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in things you usually enjoy (anhedonia). Lasts most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks. At least 4 additional physical or cognitive symptoms: feelings of worthlessness, etc. | Major depressive episode |
| Clinical features-recurrent episodes more common than single episodes, risk of recurrence increases with each additional episode, specifiers include peripartum onset and seasonal pattern | Major depressive disorder |
| one or more major depressive episodes separated by periods of remission. | Recurrent |
| A least two years of depressive symptoms-depressed mood most of the day on more than 50% of the days, no more than two months symptom free | Persistent depressive disorder |
| an individual experiences both persistent depressive disorder and episodes of major depression. Two years of dysthymia and then you have an episode where you feel even worse after something happens | double depression |
| Elevated, expansive mood for at least one week (or less if hospitalized). Impairment in normal functioning. Environmental trigger tends to be change in schedule if they are already vulnerable. ex of symptoms-inflated self-esteem, need less sleep, etc. | Manic episode |
| shorter (at least 4 days), less severe version of manic episodes | hypomanic episode |
| mood episode with symptoms reflecting both valences (manic and depressive) | mixed features |
| alternations between major depressive episodes and manic episodes | bipolar I disorder |
| alternations between major depressive (at least 1) episodes and hypomanic episodes. | bipolar II disorder |
| alternations between less severe depressive and hypomanic periods. Risk factor for bipolar, if mild mood fluctuations are untreated, they could become more serious. | Cyclothymic disorder |
| Depressive disorder that follows menstrual cycles, last at least a week, symptoms slightly different from MDD. | Premenstrual dysphoric disorder |
| Persistent irritability/anger (>1 year) and temper outbursts, only diagnosed in kids/adolescents (age 6-18) | disruptive mood dysregulation disorder |
| risk increases in adolescence (13-15) and young adulthood (18), decreases in middle adulthood, increases again in old age (U-shape). Depressive episodes are variable in length-usually last several years. starting in adolescence, 2:1 sex difference | Epidemiology of depressive disorders |
| worldwide lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder is 16%. Women are twice as likely to have major depression. Bipolar disorders approx. equally affect men and women. Similar prevalence across cultures but symptom experience different. | prevalence of mood disorders |
| Almost all models of psychopathology start with stress. Additional vulnerabilities are considered within a vulnerability-stress model. | environmental influences |
| Focus is on "loss events"-loss of relationships, status, job, etc., targeted rejection seems to be a particular risk factor. Relation between negative events and depression is transactional over times, stress generation cycle. | environmental influences of Major Depressive Disorders |
| Focus is on goal attainment events. Something you would get excited about anyway pushes vulnerable people over the edge. Social support buffers the impact of stress.-perception of social support is what's important. | environmental influences on mania |
| children of parents with MDD are 3-6x more likely to develop it, family history of bipolar associated with increased risk of bipolar and unipolar depression. | familial and genetic influence-family studies |
| MDD-37% genetic, rest is non-shared environment. Heritability of bipolar is even higher (at least 50%), various disorders have shared genetic influences-MDD and GAD both have repetitive thinking. | familial and genetic influences-twin studies |
| attribute the causes of negative events to (internal), stable and global factors(e.g. "the reason I failed the test is that I'm stupid". Associated with learned helplessness. | negative inferential style |
| Negative views of self (I'm worthless), world (world's uncaring), and future (hopelessness). | Beck's negative cognitive triad |
| Passively thinking about why you are depressed without any active problem solving and distraction-just get stuck in a negative mindset without thinking about what to about the bad things that happen. | rumination |
| sleep can either be less or more- either way, the person often feels exhausted. | sleep issues for MDD |
| person sleeps much less and still feels rested | sleep symptoms for mania |
| -people are busier and don't have time to destress and relax social support has changed-more texting and less in person-lower quality -social media -more pressure in current generation -depression and stress have gone up in teens | factors of increased suicide in the US |
| -men are more likely to die from suicide but women are more likely to attempt. -in the past 20 years, rates of suicide have gone up 30% -second leading cause of death in 15-34 year olds | suicide in the US |
| 12 million adults had serious thoughts of suicide 3.5 million adults made suicide plans 1.4 million adults attempted suicide suicide most common in context if depression but can have any diagnosis or none | Past year suicidal thoughts and behaviors among US adults (2019) |
| Thwarted belongingness (I am alone), perceived burdensomeness (I am a burden), capability for suicide | Joiner's (2005) interpersonal model of suicide |
| Focuses on emotion regulation, distress tolerance (recognizing that sometimes you want to feel upset), and interpersonal effectiveness. Developed for people at high risk of suicide and who have borderline personality disorder | dialectical behavior therapy -interventions to reduce suicide risks |
| seems to be effective for rapid reduction of suicidal ideation and depression. For people with chronic depression on very severe suicide risk, they get better within a day after using this, very addictive | ketamine-interventions to reduce suicide risks |
| phone and app based interventions. Pretty good at identifying risk over years, but terrible at identifying risk for the next week. Reports on your sleep, heartrate and things like that so it can learn the signal for depression, sends trigger therapist | just-in-time adaptive interventions-interventions to reduce suicide risks |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's), tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI's), mixed reuptake inhibitors. Approx. equally effective but really different side affects, about 50% of patients benefit in some way | antidepressant medication for interventions for MDD and bipolar disorder |
| lithium carbonate-treatment of choice for bipolar disorder, considered a mood stabilizer (constricts the extremes of mood) because it treats depressive symptoms, toxic in large amounts, effective for 50% of patients. use Depakote first | medication for bipolar disorder |
| brief electrical current applied to the brain leading to seizure. Affective for severe medication-resistant depression. Side effects-headaches, memory loss that may be permanent. | electroconvulsive therapy |
| uses magnets to generate a localized electromagnetic pulse. Few side effects; occasional headaches. Less effective than ECT | transcranial magnetic stimulation |
| Identify how people's thoughts are making a bad situation worse or target anadenia-find what you enjoy and makes you feel better. Addresses errors in thinking, also includes behavioral components including behavioral activation | Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)-for depression |
| focuses on improving problematic relationships. Targets people who have symptoms and people at high risk with no symptoms. Designed to prevent onset of disorder (universal, selective, indicated) | Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)-for depression |
| psychotherapy helpful in managing the problems that accompany bipolar disorder. Family therapy can be helpful. Medication (usually lithium) is the first line of treatment. Help you develop and stick with a specific schedule. | Psychosocial treatments for bipolar disorder |
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