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It104
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| RELATIVISM | Truth and morality are not absolute. |
| Relativism depend on: | Culture, Society, Individual perspective |
| Relativism | idea that moral principles are not absolute but vary from person to person or culture to culture. |
| Relativism | “What is true for you may not be true for me.” |
| TYPES OF RELATIVISM | Cultural Relativism, Moral Relativism |
| Cultural Relativism | Beliefs and practices depend on CULTURE. |
| Cultural Relativism | Eating insects – normal in some cultures, taboo in others. |
| Moral Relativism | Morality depends on beliefs of INDIVIDUALS/GROUPS. |
| Moral Relativism | Lying may be wrong, but some accept it if it prevents harm. |
| STRENGTHS OF RELATIVISM | Promotes tolerance, Encourages open-mindedness, Avoids ethnocentrism (judging others by one’s own standards) |
| CHALLENGES OF RELATIVISM | Can lead to “anything goes” mentality, Hard to set universal moral rules. |
| UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS | are based on the principle that certain fundamental rights should be protected for every individual, regardless of cultural background. |
| However, cultural relativism challenges the idea of universal rights | rights may vary across cultures. |
| Limitations and Challenges | Relativism has limitations when resolving conflicts between cultural practices and universal ethical principles, may need to provide clear guidelines for determining which cultural practices are morally acceptable and infringe upon human rights. |
| DIVINE COMMAND THEORY | moral theory that proposes morality's basis is the will of a higher power or deity. |
| DIVINE COMMAND THEORY | what is morally right or wrong is determined by the commands or instructions given by a divine being. |
| Challenges and Criticisms of Divine command theory | religious diversity, Euthyphro dilemma, whether something is morally good because God commands it or whether God commands it because it is morally good, Moral Autonomy and Reason, Compatibility with Secular Ethics |
| E T H I C A L E G O I S M | a moral theory that asserts individuals ought to act in their self-interest and maximize their well-being. |
| E T H I C A L E G O I S M | One’s self-interest should be the primary determinant of ethical decision-making |
| Criticism of ethical egoism | it promotes selfishness and lacks a moral foundation that accounts for the well-being of others. |
| C O N S E Q U E N T I A L I S M | an ethical theory that evaluates the moral worth of an action based on its outcomes or consequences |
| C O N S E Q U E N T I A L I S M | Emphasizes the idea that "the ends justify the means," meaning that the morality of an action is determined by its outcomes rather than its intentions |
| Utilitarianism | THE BEST FOR THE MOST |
| Utilitarianism | a well-known consequentialist theory suggests that one should act in a way that maximizes overall happiness or pleasure while minimizing suffering. |
| Criticism of consequentialism | it can lead to morally problematic situations where the rights and interests of individuals or minority groups are disregarded or sacrificed for overall utility, inherent value of individual rights, justice, and fairness |
| K A N T I A N I S M | Ø is an ethical theory developed by the philosopher Immanuel Kant |
| K A N T I A N I S M | It is based on deontological ethics, meaning that actions are evaluated based on their adherence to moral duties and principles rather than consequences. |
| K A N T I A N I S M | Emphasizes the importance of ethical rules and every individual's inherent dignity and worth. |
| K A N T I A N I S M | principle that provides a universal guide for moral action |
| K A N T I A N I S M | an action is morally acceptable if the individual can rationally will that everyone else should act in the same way in similar circumstances, without contradiction. |
| Kantianism | places a strong emphasis on the autonomy and rationality of individuals |
| Nature of Kantianism | characterized by its emphasis on moral duties, universal principles, and the importance of reason, holds that morality is based on objective, rational principles that apply universally to all individuals. |
| Nature of Kantianism | Actions are evaluated based on their adherence to these principles, regardless of the consequences they may produce. |
| Kantian ethics | places a high value on moral autonomy and respect for the dignity of individuals |
Created by:
vancejoy