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DNA
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA | A double-stranded molecule that carries the genetic instructions for life. |
| Nucleotide | The building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base. |
| Deoxyribose Sugar | The sugar found in DNA nucleotides, forming part of the DNA backbone. |
| Ribose Sugar | The sugar found in RNA nucleotides, forming part of the RNA backbone. |
| Phosphate Group | A molecule that links sugars together in DNA and RNA, forming the backbone. |
| Nitrogen Bases | Molecules that make up the “rungs” of the DNA ladder and code for genetic information. |
| Adenine (A) | A nitrogen base in DNA and RNA that pairs with Thymine (DNA) or Uracil (RNA). |
| Thymine (T) | A nitrogen base found only in DNA that pairs with Adenine. |
| Cytosine (C) | A nitrogen base found in DNA and RNA that pairs with Guanine. |
| Guanine (G) | A nitrogen base found in DNA and RNA that pairs with Cytosine. |
| Uracil (U) | A nitrogen base found only in RNA that replaces Thymine and pairs with Adenine. |
| Double Helix | The twisted-ladder shape of DNA that provides structural stability. |
| Complementary Base Pairing | The rule that Adenine pairs with Thymine (or Uracil) and Cytosine pairs with Guanine, ensuring accurate replication and transcription. |
| DNA Replication | The process by which DNA makes an exact copy of itself before cell division. |
| Helicase | An enzyme that unwinds and separates the DNA strands during replication. |
| DNA Polymerase | An enzyme that adds complementary nucleotides to form the new DNA strand. |
| Ligase | An enzyme that connects fragments of DNA, sealing the sugar-phosphate backbone. |
| RNA | A single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis. |
| mRNA (Messenger RNA) | RNA that carries genetic code from DNA to the ribosome. |
| tRNA (Transfer RNA) | RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches anticodons to mRNA codons. |
| rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) | RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis. |
| Transcription | The process in which DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus. |
| Translation | The process in which mRNA is decoded into a protein (amino acid chain) at the ribosome. |
| Codon | A sequence of three mRNA bases that codes for one amino acid. |
| Anticodon | A sequence of three bases on tRNA complementary to the mRNA codon. |
| Amino Acid | The building block of proteins, linked together to form polypeptides. |
| Polypeptide / Protein | A long chain of amino acids that performs cellular functions. |
| Ribosome | Cellular structure made of rRNA and proteins where mRNA is translated into protein. |
| Gene | A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein, determining traits and functions. |
| Mutation | A change in the DNA sequence that may alter the protein or have no effect. |
| Leading Strand | The DNA strand that is synthesized continuously in the 5’ → 3’ direction toward the replication fork. |
| Lagging Strand | The DNA strand that is synthesized discontinuously in short fragments (Okazaki fragments) away from the replication fork. |
| Helicase | An enzyme that unwinds and separates the two DNA strands at the replication fork. |
| RNA Primer | A short segment of RNA that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis. |
| DNA Polymerase | An enzyme that adds complementary nucleotides to the new DNA strand and proofreads for errors. |
| Ligase | An enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand by sealing the sugar-phosphate backbone. |
| Primase | An enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer needed for DNA polymerase to begin replication. |
| Topoisomerase | An enzyme that relieves tension in the DNA helix ahead of the replication fork by preventing supercoiling. |
| Single-Strand Binding Proteins (SSB) | Proteins that bind to single-stranded DNA to prevent it from re-annealing during replication. |
| mRNA (Messenger RNA) | RNA that carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome. |
| tRNA (Transfer RNA) | RNA that carries specific amino acids to the ribosome and matches anticodons to mRNA codons. |
| rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) | RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis. |
| Transcription | The process of copying DNA into mRNA in the nucleus. |
| Translation | The process of decoding mRNA into a polypeptide (protein) at the ribosome. |
| Codon | A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid. |
| Anticodon | A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA complementary to the mRNA codon. |
| Amino Acid | The building block of proteins, linked together in a polypeptide chain. |
| Polypeptide / Protein | A chain of amino acids that folds into a functional protein. |
| Ribosome | The molecular machine that facilitates translation of mRNA into protein. |
Created by:
Poorani10