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anesthesia test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is considered a loss of sensation | anesthesia |
| what is considered a reversible state of CNS depression produced by anesthetic agents | general anesthesia |
| what does local ax do? | targets small areas |
| what does regional ax do? | affects larger nerve areas ex nerve block |
| what does topical ax do? | is limited to the skin and subcutaneous tissues |
| what is any drug that reduces anxiety, including sedatives and tranquilizers? | anxiolytics |
| what reduces awareness, causes CNS depression and drowsiness causing the patient to be minimally aware? | sedation |
| what induces a state of calm without sedation, the patient is unwilling to move, remains aware but us unconcerned | tranquilization |
| what does it mean when we say "anesthesia is a continuum of care? | continuum of care starts and ends at home |
| list ways to improve anesthetic safety | effective client communication, staff training, analgesia, anxiolytics, and patient handling |
| when are individualized anesthetic plans useful | for higher risk patients, ASA class 3 and up and non-routine procedures |
| when are standardized anesthetic plans useful | for patients with lower ASA, when procedures are routine |
| what combines drugs for safety and efficacy? | balanced anesthesia |
| list what a balanced anesthesia involves | knowledge of drugs and expected effects constant monitoring vitals monitoring depth indicators changing anesthesia combinations according to patient needs preparedness/prevention to reduce risks |
| what are the 4 phases of anesthesia | paranesthesia, induction, maintenance, recovery |
| what is involved in the pre-anesthetic evaluation | assess patient history, physical exam, diagnostic tests, and factors like age, breed, size and temperment |
| what should the pre-anesthetic history include | concurrent illness, concurrent medication, prior history of anesthesia, fasting history, confirm procedure |
| list examples of diagnostic procedures | PCV + TP CBC Blood chemistries urinalysis radiographs/imaging ECG |
| what types of release forms should be used | informer consent emergency contact written estimate resuscitation status |
| what ASA class is a normal and healthy patient with no underlying disease | Class 1: minimum risk |
| what ASA class is a mild systemic disturbances; no clinical signs of disease | Class 2: slight risk |
| what ASA class is moderate systemic disease/disturbances; mild clinical signs | Class 3: moderate risk |
| what ASA class is pre-existing severe systemic disease/disturbances | Class 4: high risk |
| what ASA class is life-threatening systemic disease/disturbances | Class 5: grace risk |
| what is the food/water withhold period | 4-6 hours and up to 12 hours |
| what are benefits of pre-anesthetic drugs | to calm or sedate the patient provides analgesia pre-peri and post op synergistic effect (less anesthetic required during surgery) counteract some negative side-effect |
| what are the pre-med drug classes | opioids alpha 2 agonist benzodiazepines dissociates neurosteroids anxiolytics |
| what is the role of induction | to enable endotracheal intubation should facilitate ideal level of patient support |
| what is the benefit of preoxygenation | to saturate the hemoglobin |
| what does dosing to effect mean? | give 1/4-1/2 intervals of the dose until you can intubate |
| why do you dose to effect? | to reduce/prevent respiratory depression |
| what are induction drug classes | phenols neurosteroids dissociative agents inhalants barbiturates |
| pros of mask/chamber induction | no handling ? |
| cons of mask/chamber induction | human exposure difficult to monitor time consuming excitement phase no rapid patent airway |
| pros of inhalant anesthetics for maintenance | quick and easy titration for depth of anesthesia drug metabolism is less (allowing for longer/safer anesthesia) controlled oxygen supplementation via a patient airway (ET tube) |
| cons of inhalant | increased equipment and costs waste gas: environmental pollution |
| what does the ideal inhalant anesthetic gas | safe and advantageous to patient, low cost and safe for anesthetist |
| how does inhalation anesthesia works in the machine | liquid anesthetic is held in the vaporizer, oxygen flow rate is calculated and set, the oxygen passes through the vaporizer and mixes with anesthetic, oxygen containing anesthetic (fresh gas) is delivered to patient through an ET tube |
| how does inhalation anesthesia work in the body | fresh gas is absorbed from the alveoli, to the blood, to the brain and organs brain maintains a concentration gradient with the blood thats why the anesthesia is continuously delivered |
| what are 3 important characteristics of different inhalant anesthetic agents and define | vapour pressure: tendency to evaporate solubility coefficient: how easilya gas dissolves in blood compared to aveolar gas minimum alveolar concentration (MAC): potency of the agent |
| what are some pros of isoflurane | less expensive than sevoflurane safer for geriatrics, neonates, humans and diseased patients |
| what are some cons of isoflurane | more respiratory depression pungent odour may cause breath holding |
| what are some pros of sevoflurane | slightly less respiratory depression very rapid induction, recoveries and faster changes in depth |
| what are some cons of sevoflurane | more expensive you need more drug to induce and maintain used in specialized practice |
| what are the biggest draw backs of Halothane | negative cardiac effects, increased hepatic metabolism, can cause liver disease to human anesthetists |
| what are the biggest draw backs of methoxyflurane | severe respiratory depressant (must be bagged) prolonged induction and recoveries renal failure to patients and anesthetists |
| what are the biggest draw backs of diethyl ether | post-op nausea long term liver disease and cancer explosive and flammable |
| what is diffusion hypoxia and how does it relate to nitrous oxide | nitrous oxide has a low solubility coefficient and displaces oxygen which can cause the patient to suffocate |
Created by:
cbutch