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PECT Module 1
Pre-4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Who are the 4 main theorists of child development? | Piaget, Vygotsky, Erikson, and Gardner |
| What is Piaget's theory called? | Cognitive Development |
| What is Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory? | explains how children construct knowledge through distinct, universal stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational |
| What are the stages of Piaget's Cognitive development theory? | 1. Sensorimotor, 2. Preoperational, 3. Concrete operational, and 4. Formal operational |
| What is Piaget's Cognitive Development Sensorimotor stage? | Ages 0-2 Experience the world through movement and senses Object permanence develops |
| What is Object Permanence? | The understanding in children that objects still exist, even when they are not visible or audible |
| What is Piaget's Cognitive Development Preoperational stage? | Ages 2-7 Children think symbolically Egocentric thinking |
| What is Egocentric? | The struggle to understand others viewpoints |
| What is Piaget's Cognitive Development Concrete operational stage? | Ages 7-11 Children begin to think logically Beginning to understand conservation They can organize objects into leveled categories |
| What is Piaget's Cognitive Development Formal Operations stage? | Ages 12+ Children think abstractly Children use logical reasoning |
| What is Vygotsky's theory called? | Sociocultural theory |
| What does Vygotsky's theory of Sociocultural theory say? | cognitive development is a result of social and cultural interaction |
| What does Vygotsky's theory of Sociocultural theory focus on? | Social Interactions, the Zone of Proximal Development, and scaffolding |
| What is the Zone of Proximal Development? | What a learner can do independently vs what they need support for |
| What is scaffolding? | Support for learning |
| What is the name of Erikson's theory? | Stages of Psychosocial Development |
| What does Erikson's theory of Psychosocial Development say? | personality develops throughout the lifespan through eight stages, each involving a specific social and emotional conflict |
| What are the three (pre-k - 4) stages of Erikson's theory of Psychosocial Development? | Trust vs mistrust (0-18 months) autonomy vs shame (2-3 years) initiative vs guilt (3-5 years) |
| What is Erikson's Trust vs Mistrust? | Relevant in 0-18 months infants learn to trust caregivers to meet their basic needs |
| What is Erikson's Autonomy vs Shame? | Relevant in ages 2-3 sense of personal control and independence |
| What is Erikson's Initiative vs Guilt | Relevant in ages 3-5 assert control through playing and social interactions |
| What is the name of Gardner's theory? | Theory of Multiple Intelligences |
| What is Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligence say? | intelligence is not a single, unified ability, but rather a set of distinct intelligences that are all valuable |
| What are the 9 types of intelligence in Gardner's theory? | Linguistic logical- mathematical Musical kinesthetic spatial interpersonal intrapersonal naturalistic existential |
| What are the 4 teaching theories? | Constructive, Behaviorist, Social Cognitive, and Cognitive |
| What is the Constructive theory? | Emphasizes learning as an active, constructive process. You gain new knowledge from past experiences. |
| What is the Behaviorist theory? | Emphasizes learning as a response to external stimuli. Observable praise vs punishment. |
| What is Social Cognitive theory? | The importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of other. |
| What is Cognitive theory? | Centers on memory, problem solving, and decision making. This is an internal process. |
| What does MTSS stand for? | Multi-Tiered System of Support |
| How many MTSS tiers are there? | 3 |
| What is Tier 1 for MTSS? | Support for ALL students |
| What is Tier 2 for MTSS? | Targeted interventions for some students who are not making adequate progress in the general education classroom. |
| What is Tier 3 for MTSS? | Highly specialized interventions to address specific leaning deficits or behavior issues |
| What areas does MTSS cover? | Academic, Behavioral, and social emotional |
| What ARE some developmentally appropriate practices for Pre-K? | They can.... 1. understand and follow simple instructions 2. Use 3-4 word sentences 3. speak clearly enough to be understood by family members 4. ask and answer simple questions |
| What are some practices that pre-K students CAN'T do? | They can't... 1. use complex sentences 2. fully understand the time concept of tomorrow or yesterday |
| What ARE some developmentally appropriate practices for kindergarten? | They can... 1. speak in more complex sentences 2. understand and tell simple stories 3. use basic grammar (verb tenses) 4. start to recognize some basic written words |
| What are some practices that kindergarten students CAN'T do? | They can't... 1. read or write complex sentences 2. understand abstract language concepts |
| What ARE some developmentally appropriate practices for 1st graders? | They can... 1. read and understand age-appropriate books 2. write simple sentences with some grammatical errors 3. use language to express ideas and needs 4. follow multi-step directions |
| What ARE some developmentally appropriate practices for 2nd graders? | They can... 1. read more confidently aloud 2. write short paragraphs with basic grammar 3. understand and use a wider range of vocabulary 4. follow more complex oral instructions |
| What ARE some developmentally appropriate practices for 3rd graders? | They can... 1. read longer and more complex books 2. form compound sentences 3. write an essay with a learned topic 4. have a conversations using more advanced language |
| What ARE some developmentally appropriate practices for 4th graders? | They can... 1. read and comprehend chapter books 2. write multi-paragraph essays 3. use and understand a range of vocabulary 4. understand figurative language 5. argue using reasoned logic |
| What are some practices that 1st grade students CAN'T do? | They can't... 1. fully grasp metaphors 2. write detailed and structurally complex paragraphs |
| What are some practices that 2nd grade students CAN'T do? | They can't... 1. understand nuanced or figurative language 2. write complex stories |
| What are some practices that 3rd grade students CAN'T do? | They can't... 1. Fully understand sarcasm or nuanced language 2. analyze deeper meaning of texts |
| What are some practices that 4th grade students CAN'T do? | They can't... 1. understand complex and abstract theoretical concepts 2. write with the structural complexity of an adolescent |
| What are the 5 important aspects of the classroom environment? | 1. physical environment 2. emotional environment 3. intellectual environment 4. social environment 5. inclusive environment |
| Why is the physical classroom environment important? | Plays a role in cognitive and physical development. It enhances focus, reduces distraction and supports learning activities. |
| What are some good strategies for the physical classroom environment? | Clearly define areas ensure safety and accessibility use visual aids |
| Why is the emotional classroom environment important? | It promotes confidence and safety |
| What are some strategies for promoting a good emotional environment? | Establish a routine and create a positive and nurturing atmosphere |
| Why is the Intellectual classroom Environment important? | It challenges children and fosters curiosity and encourages critical thinking and problem solving skills |
| What are some strategies for promoting a good intellectual environment? | Provide diverse and challenging materials and encourage an inquiry-based learning and curiosity through open-ended questions and opportunities for exploration |
| Why is the social classroom environment important? | it enhances communication skills, cooperation, and empathy. Helps children work in groups, and understand diverse perspectives. |
| What are some good strategies for a social environment in the classroom? | Facilitate group activities and collaborative projects, teach and model conflict resolution and social skills, and encourage peer interactions and teamwork. |
| Why is an inclusive classroom environment important? | provides diverse cultural materials and ensured accessibility for children with disabilities. |
| ELL students use... | language development and visual aids |
| What are the 6 assessment types? | authentic assessment screening assessments diagnostic assessments formative assessments summative assessments benchmark assessments |
| What is an authentic assessment? | Requires students to apply skills and knowledge in real-world scenarios |
| What for authentic assessments looks like? | project-based assignments and performance tasks |
| What are screening assessments? | brief assessment conducted at the start of the school year or learning period |
| What do screening assessments look like? | Early reading and math skills |
| what do diagnostic assessments look like? | in-depth assessments to understand students specific strengths and weaknesses |
| What do diagnostic assessments look like? | reading level and math diagnostic tests |
| what is a formative assessment? | an ongoing assessment during the learning process |
| What are examples of formative assessments? | quizzes, discussion, exit tickets |
| What are summative assessments? | comprehensive evaluation at the end of an instructional period |
| What are examples of summative assessments? | Final exam, essay, or project |
| What are benchmark assessments? | administered periodically throughout the academic year |
| what are examples of benchmark assessments? | midterms and quarterly assessments |
| What is the role of Data-based decision making? | identify learning gaps tailor instruction differentiate instruction support student growth |
| How can we support student growth? | Set academic goals, provide targeted feedback, and implement interventions |
| What are the 4 types of informal assessments? | systematic observation, student portfolio, peer assessment, and group assessment |
| What is systematic observation? | Informal assessment based on unstructured ongoing observations. The data is based on student behaviors with real-time insight. |
| what are student portfolios? | Informal assessment that is a collection of student work over a period of time that showcases progress and achievement. |
| What is peer assessment? | informal assessment where students evaluate each other and develop critical thinking and self reflection skills. |
| What is group assessment? | Informal evaluation of group tasks and dynamics. That assess teamwork and collaboration skills. |
| What are the 3 types of formal assessments? | Curriculum-based criterion referenced norm referenced |
| What is curriculum-based assessment? | formal assessment tied to curriculum goals and determined student learning. |
| what is criterion referenced assessment? | A formal assessment that is a measure of students performance against learning standards to ensure students have mastery of skills. |
| What is norm referenced assessment? | Formal assessment that compares students against a norm group, and ranks students performance |
| What are the two big legal frameworks for assessments for students with disabilities? | IDEA and rehabilitation act |
| what is the rehabilitation act section 504 say? | Free appropriate public education (FAPE) in the LRE written in the IEP |
| What is a modification? | change in WHAT is being taught or expected from the student |
| what is an accomodation? | change is HOW the student demonstrates their learning without altering the content |
| What are the two principals for assessment? | ensure fairness and avoid discrimination use multiple assessment methods |
| What is academic language? | formal, specific to disciplines, educational setting, specialized vocabulary, and complex sentence structures |
| What is social language? | Informal, everyday communication, relies on shared experience for understanding |
| What are the three most common learning disabilities? | Dyslexia, dyscalcula, and dysgraphia |
| What is dyslexia? | A slow progression of reading skills. A difficulty in phonemic awareness, word decoding, reading fluency, and reading comprehension |
| What is dyscalcula? | A difficulty with number sense, memorizing arithmetic facts, organizing numbers, and understanding mathematical concepts |
| What is dysgraphia? | difficulty with hand writing, spelling, and organizing thoughts on paper. |
| What are the 4 principals of universal design? | Assistive technology, material adaptations, environmental arrangements, and visual supports |
| What is assistive technology? | Speech-to-text, audiobooks, and specialized keyboards to aid students with learning disabilities. |
| What are material adaptations? | Modifying textbooks, worksheets, or other educational materials for accessibility (large print, braille, simplified language) |
| What are environmental arrangements? | Structuring the classroom to enhance accessibility, like arranging desks for easy wheelchair access or creating quiet zones for students |
| What are visual supports? | Incorporating graphics, visual schedules, and organizers to aid understanding |
| What are the roles and responsibilities IEPs? | Collaborative planning, implementing, and progress monitoring |
| What is cultural responsiveness? | incorporating diverse perspectives and materials in the curriculum to reflect the cultural backgrounds of all students. |
| What does an inclusive classroom look like? | teacher modeling, collaborative learning, scaffolding, and inquiry learning |
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