Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
JEG305
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain the different species concepts | Evolutionary species concept: an organism with its own evolutionary fate Morphological species concept: an organism distinguishable by ordinary means or observation Biological Species Concept: Are its offspring fertile? Phylogenetic Species Concept |
| How many total described species are there? | 2.1 million |
| Types of Biodiversity + Give examples | Species richness & taxonomic diversity Genetic diversity Ecological diversity: populations, communities, ecosystems Behavioural diversity: e.g migration Functional diversity: e.g pollination |
| Biodiversity Metrics | Richness/alpha Evenness (distribution of rare vs common species) |
| Simpson's Diversity Index | Diversity = inverse of the sum of the squares of the proportions of each species |
| Beta Diversity | total # of taxa, adding as you sample a larger site (cumulative), can show you where the key cut-offs in diversity are |
| Gamma Diversity | the total of all taxa for that biome, larger regional perspective |
| Species-Area Relationship | increases, then eventually plateaus, diff. curve depending on geographic factors but essentially logarithmic thus, if you plot the log of it, it becomes linear. the slope of the linear graphs is similar in similar biomes |
| Why is there a decrease in diversty pole-wards? | Energy hypothesis: temp. & moisture availability limit NPP Longer growing season => more raw material, faster metabolism Thus climate is a fundamental control on biodiversity |
| Other factors besides the energy hypothesis that explain tropical diversity | Glacial resets, tropics as a zone of range overlap due to central position, historical centre of evolution |
| Compare & contrast the two different global conservation frameworks | Hotspots: defined by richness, endemism, threat (2% of land, 30-40% of plant & animal species) Global Safety Net: defined by rarity, distinctness, rare phenomena, and intactness |
| Precambrian Era | 88% of Earth's existence, begins with formation of Earth 4.54 billion YA tectonic activity forming landmasses, bacteria and algae emerge from primordial stew, lots of methane in atmosphere |
| Paleozoic Era | 540 MYA, begins with Cambrian Explosion, pangea forming, by the end we have reptiles and land plants |
| Mesozoic Era | 250 MYA, begins with Permian Extinction, 90% of species wiped out , began with ice age but was tropical by the end, era of dinosaurs and reptiles, pangea breaking up |
| Cenozoic Era | 65 MYA, begins with dinosaur extinction due to meteor, rise of mammals, modern continents |
| Explain a cross-section of the Earth | Crust (oceanic vs continental, oceanic is denser and younger) Asthenosphere: upper part of the mantle, ductile Mantle: solid but behaves like a plastic over geologic time |
| Seafloor spreading | Hot parts of the mantle bubbling up new crust, which solidifies and pushes out old crust on either side, occurs at mid-oceanic ridges |
| Continental island formation | Forms because of continental rifting due to plate motion, e.g Madagascar and New Zealand |
| Volcanic islands | Very hot mantle floats up bc of density, melts lithosphere and asthenosphere, eventually gets to surface and forms volcano, e.g Hawaii. |
| Island arcs | Form above subduction zones with two oceanic plates, the subducting plate melts, eventually melting overlying rock, and as it moves it forms chains of volcanoes The form is parallell to the trench E.g Japan |
| Barrier Islands | Sand and sediment deposited along coast by waves and currents E.g Carolinas |
| Atolls | Reef islands, corals grows on submerged volcanic islands |
| How did supercontintents form? | Unclear, first they were cratons (chunks of continental crust), possible formed as island arcs, eventually slammed into each other and formed larger continents |
| Pangaea | Formed 330 MYA, collision of Godwana and Euramerica, breakup began in the Jurassic 180 MYA |
| Where does the biggest evidence for continental drift come from? | Fossils of the same species found across diff. continents |
| How does drift affect biogeography? | Changes latitude of land, coastline, topography, ocean-atmosphere circulation, inland seas, alters landscape of barriers and niches |
| Floral radiation | Radiated earlier, less differentiation, pollen and spores allowed more spreading over air and water |
| Faunal radiation | More uniform until breakup of the continents, dinosaurs took over from reptiles 230 MA until the K-pg extinction |
| History of Mammals | Descended from common ancestor in Late Jurassic, 150 MA, placentals broke off from marsupials 105 MA |
| K-pg extinction | 66 MA, Massive meteore hit Earth, the signal is the iridium layer, PP hatled, 75% of species gone, allowed for the ecological diversification of mammals |
| Cenozoic climate change | peak temperature at PETM (56 MA), then long-term drop in temperature, Antarctica to be isolated in ice by 35 MA brief warming in Miocene (Middle Miocene Climate Optimum, 18-16 MA) Quaternary (most recent) climate sets in at 2.7 MA, after NA glaciation |
| Great American Biotic Exchange (before Columbian!) | Ithsmus of Panama formed a few million years ago, connected NA and SA NA emigrants (mastodons, tapirs, rodents) more successful bc SA emigrants (sloths, armadillos, opposums) couldn't handle cold |
| Neartic Biogeographic Realm | Canada, most of U.S, Greenland, Northern Mexico Endemic fauna: canids, Boreal forests, coastal forests, prarie, desert Land defined by glaciation Connected to Palearctic by Bering Land Bridge for a time Cordilleran uplift events |
| Neotropical BR | Southern Mexico, South + Central America, Carribean Cavimorphs, sloths, toucans Tropical rainforests, savannahs, deserts Andean uplift established Amazon drainage and wide range of environments |
| Afrotropic BR | Sub-saharan Africa, Souther Arabian peninsula, Madagascar Ostriches, aardvarks, elephants, gorillas Central Gondwana, distinct since 88 MA East African rift over last 20 MA shaped modern land Exchange w/ Palearctic through Arabian collision 18 MA |
| Palearctic BR Basic Info | Europe, North Africa, northern Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia northern China and Japan Fewer endemic species (brown bear, snow leopards) Grassland, boreal forest, tundra |
| Palearctic BR Geologic History | Closure of Tethys Sea 50 MA formed Med. Uplift of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau (started ~50 Ma) created barrier with Indomalayan realm Collision of Arabian Plate 18 Ma exchange with Afrotropical realm Glaciation also |
| Indomalayan BR Basic Info | South + Southeast Asia gibbons, peafowel, tarsiers, Rainforest, grassland, mangrove Isolation of islands like the Philippines allowed for extreme endemism. |
| Indomalyan BR Geographic History | Collision of Indian Plate with Asia ~50 Ma Uplift of Himalayas, expanded rainforests to the south and created several other environments Intermittent connection between Sundaland (Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Java) and Asia |
| Australasian BR | Grassland, savannah, temperate forest Pieces of Gondwana • High endemism in New Zealand; result of isolation since ~70 Ma • Northward drift of Australia into the tropics over the last ~45 Ma leads to increasing aridity |
| Oceanian | Pacific Islands, Hawaii and Fiji No continental land mass Lots of endemic birds and plants Tropical forest, rainforest |
| Antarctic | Tundra, limited plant life, endemic penguins |
| Allopatric speciation | Spatial isolation helps solidify genetic distinctions |
| Sympatric speciation | No spatial isolation, ex chichlids and sensory drive, requires great genetic variation |
| Explain isolating mechanisms and give examples | When hybridization is maladaptive, isolating mechanisms are selected for Behavioural Temporal Spatial Biochemical Post-mating |
| Vicariance v dispersalism | • V: • Higher genetic diversity in both populations • Slow rates of divergence, vicariant species often occupy similar niches; potential for hybridization •D: • Lower genetic diversity, higher rates of divergence (Founder Effect) • Adapt. Rad |
| Which genetic markers are used for phylogeny and to make cladograms? | MtDNA (in animals) and CpDNA (in plants), because the mutations are neutral in terms of fitness, fossil and geological records used to "calibrate" rates of evolution |
| Weber paper | -composition of biodiversity changes more with depth than geographical region -sampled dna from every known species of brittlestar |
| Pike paper | -pathogen is decimating butternut populations -hybridization with Japanese walnut, but comes with issue -cryogenic methods to preserve pure butternut -methods: use of TreeSnap |
| Freeman paper | -used Ebird data to test the climate tracking hypothesis using North & Central American birds -climate tracking hypothesis did not hold up; instead, lower-latitude species generally benefited |
| Reo Paper | -methods: ethnographic interviews -all species are nations who migrate -nature finds its own balance, chemical interventions are worse than invasives -"everything is good for something", use the invasive species to create a reciprocal relationship |
Created by:
32456yujhdswa