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Montreana CH1
Human Anatomy Study Stack Set Wk.6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| integumentary | Separates internal environment from external environment, providing stability of internal fluid volume |
| Skeletal | Supports and protects internal environment, allowing movement; stores minerals that can be moved into and out of internal fluid |
| Muscular | Powers and directs movements; provides hea |
| Endocrine | Regulates homeostatic mechanisms, sensing changes, integrating information, sending signals to effectors |
| Cardiovascular | Maintains internal constancy by transporting nutrients, water, oxygen, hormones, wastes, and other materials and heat within the internal environment |
| Lymphatic | Maintains constant fluid pressure by draining excess fluid from tissues, cleaning it, and recycling it to bloodstream |
| Respiratory | Maintains stable O2 and CO2 levels in body by exchanging these gases between external and internal environments; provides vocal communication with others for protection, hunting, etc. |
| Immune | Defends internal environment against harmful agents |
| Digestive | Maintains relatively constant nutrient level in body by digesting food and absorbing nutrients into internal environment |
| Urinary | Maintains constantly low level of waste and regulates pH of internal environment; helps maintain constancy of internal water volume and balance of ions and other substances |
| Urinary | Maintains constantly low level of waste and regulates pH of internal environment; helps maintain constancy of internal water volume and balance of ions and other substances |
| Reproductive | Passes genetic code containing information for forming a body and maintaining homeostasis to offspring |
| Effectors | are organs, such as muscles or glands, that directly influ-ence controlled physiological variables |
| Positive feedback | Positive feedback mechanisms, which are uncommon, amplify changes rather than reverse them. Usually such amplification threat-ens homeostasis, but in some situations it can help the body main-tain its stability. |
| Negative Feedback | is a control mechanism your body uses to maintain homeostasis—which means keeping internal conditions stable and balanced. |
| Gross anatomy | is used to describe the study of body parts visible to the naked eye. |
| Anatomy | The study of the structures (shape, position, relationships) of body parts |
| Homeostasis | The body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions (e.g. temperature, pH) |
| Levels of organization | Hierarchical levels: chemical → cellular → tissue → organ → system → organism |
| Anatomical position | Standard reference posture: standing upright, feet forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward |
| Superior / Inferior | Superior = toward the head; Inferior = toward the feet |
| Anterior (ventral) / Posterior (dorsal) | Anterior = front side; Posterior = back side |
| Medial / Lateral | Medial = toward midline; Lateral = away from midline |
| Proximal / Distal | Proximal = nearer the point of attachment or origin; Distal = farther away |
| Sagittal / Frontal (coronal) / Transverse planes | Sagittal: divides left & right; Frontal: divides front & back; Transverse: divides top & bottom |
| Body cavities | Major internal spaces (e.g. dorsal, ventral, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic) |
| Serous membranes | Thin membranes lining body cavities and covering organs (e.g. peritoneum, pleura) |
| Regional / directional (regional) terms | Terms for body regions (e.g. brachial, cervical) and directions (e.g. proximal, distal) |
| Atom | The smallest unit of an element retaining chemical properties |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms bonded together |
| Element | A substance made of only one kind of atom |
| Chemical bond | Force holding atoms together (ionic, covalent, hydrogen) |
| Ionic bond | A bond formed by the transfer of electrons (resulting in charged ions) |
| Covalent bond | A bond formed by sharing electrons between atoms |
| Hydrogen bond | weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (often O, N) |
| Acid / Base / pH | Acid = releases H⁺; Base = accepts H⁺; pH = measure of hydrogen ion concentration |
| Buffer | A system that resists changes in pH by absorbing or releasing H⁺ |
| Organic molecule | Carbon-containing molecule (e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) |
| Inorganic molecule | Molecules without (or with limited) carbon, such as water, salts, acids, bases |
| Ionic compounds / salts | Compounds held by ionic bonds that dissociate in water into ions |
| Macromolecule / polymer | Large molecules made of repeating subunits (“monomers”) |
| Cell | The semi-permeable barrier (lipid bilayer + proteins) surrounding cells |
| Phospholipid bilayer | Arrangement of phospholipids in the plasma membrane (hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails) |
| Membrane proteins | Proteins embedded in or attached to the membrane (e.g. channels, receptors) |
| Selective permeability | Property allowing some substances through the membrane but not others |
| Cytoplasm (cytosol) | The fluid and organelles inside the cell, excluding the nucleus |
| Organelle | Specialized structures within a cell (e.g. mitochondria, nucleus, ER) |
| Nucleus | Organelle that houses DNA and controls cell’s activities |
| Mitochondria | Organelle where most ATP (energy) is produced |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | (ER) Network for protein (rough ER) and lipid (smooth ER) synthesis |
| Golgi apparatus | Organelle that modifies, sorts, packages proteins and lipids |
| Lysosome | Organelle containing digestive enzymes to break down waste & worn cell parts |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of protein fibers (microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments) that supports cell shape, transport, movement |
| Diffusion | Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane |
| Facilitated diffusion | Passive transport of molecules via membrane proteins (no energy) |
| Active transport | Movement of molecules against a gradient using energy (ATP) |
| Endocytosis / Exocytosis | Processes by which cells engulf (take in) or release substances in vesicles |
| Cell cycle | The sequence of growth and division phases a cell goes through |
| Interphase | The non-dividing phase of the cell cycle (G₁, S, G₂) |
| Mitosis | Division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei |
| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate daughter cells |
| rophase / Metaphase / Anaphase / Telophase | Stages of mitosis: prophase (chromosomes condense), metaphase (chromosomes align), anaphase (sister chromatids separate), telophase (nuclei reform) |
| Meiosis | Type of cell division that results in four genetically diverse gametes (for sexual reproduction) |
| Chromosome | Condensed structure of DNA and proteins; carries genes |
| Chromatid | One of two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome |
| Centromere | Region where two sister chromatids attach |
| Checkpoints | Control points in the cell cycle (e.g. G₁, G₂, M checkpoints) to ensure proper division |
| Tissue | A group of similar cells working together for a specific function |
| Epithelial tissue (epithelium) | Tissue covering surfaces, lining cavities, or forming glands |
| Connective tissue | Tissue that supports, binds, protects, or transports (e.g. bone, blood, cartilage) |
| Muscle tissue | Tissue specialized for contraction and movement (skeletal, cardiac, smooth) |
| Nervous tissue | Tissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals (neurons + glia) |
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Montreana