How does the principle of complementarity of structure and function explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Structure determines function—what a structure can do depends on its specific form. For example, the thin walls of alveoli allow efficient gas exchange, linking anatomy directly to physiological performance.

Describe how negative feedback maintains homeostasis and give one physiological example.

Negative feedback opposes changes to return the body to normal range—for example, when body temperature rises, sweating and vasodilation reduce it to maintain balance.

Explain how hydrogen bonding contributes to the unique properties of water in biological systems.

Hydrogen bonds give water high heat capacity, surface tension, and solvent ability—crucial for temperature regulation and biochemical reactions in the body.

Why are electrolytes vital for normal cell function, and what happens when electrolyte balance is disrupted?

Electrolytes like Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ maintain membrane potential and muscle/nerve function; imbalance can cause arrhythmias, muscle weakness, or seizures.

Compare simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport in terms of energy use and direction of movement.

Simple and facilitated diffusion move substances down a concentration gradient without energy; active transport requires ATP to move substances against the gradient.

How do rough ER and Golgi apparatus cooperate in protein synthesis and secretion?

The rough ER synthesizes proteins and sends them to the Golgi, which modifies, packages, and directs them to specific destinations (e.g., lysosomes or the plasma membrane).

How does epithelial tissue maintain polarity, and why is this important?

Epithelial cells have apical and basal surfaces separated by tight junctions; polarity allows directional secretion, absorption, and interaction with connective tissue.

Explain how connective tissue diversity arises from differences in matrix composition and fiber type.

Variations in ground substance (fluid, gel, solid) and fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular) create functional differences—e.g., bone’s rigid matrix vs. blood’s fluid one.

How do keratinization and melanin production protect the body from environmental damage?

Keratin waterproofs and toughens skin, preventing mechanical and microbial injury; melanin absorbs UV radiation, protecting DNA in skin cells.

What physiological responses occur in the skin during thermoregulation?

When hot: vasodilation and sweat gland activation dissipate heat. When cold: vasoconstriction and arrector pili muscle contraction reduce heat loss.

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Anatomy flash cards

Question	Answer
How does the principle of complementarity of structure and function explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology?	Structure determines function—what a structure can do depends on its specific form. For example, the thin walls of alveoli allow efficient gas exchange, linking anatomy directly to physiological performance.
Describe how negative feedback maintains homeostasis and give one physiological example.	Negative feedback opposes changes to return the body to normal range—for example, when body temperature rises, sweating and vasodilation reduce it to maintain balance.
Explain how hydrogen bonding contributes to the unique properties of water in biological systems.	Hydrogen bonds give water high heat capacity, surface tension, and solvent ability—crucial for temperature regulation and biochemical reactions in the body.
Why are electrolytes vital for normal cell function, and what happens when electrolyte balance is disrupted?	Electrolytes like Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ maintain membrane potential and muscle/nerve function; imbalance can cause arrhythmias, muscle weakness, or seizures.
Compare simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport in terms of energy use and direction of movement.	Simple and facilitated diffusion move substances down a concentration gradient without energy; active transport requires ATP to move substances against the gradient.
How do rough ER and Golgi apparatus cooperate in protein synthesis and secretion?	The rough ER synthesizes proteins and sends them to the Golgi, which modifies, packages, and directs them to specific destinations (e.g., lysosomes or the plasma membrane).
How does epithelial tissue maintain polarity, and why is this important?	Epithelial cells have apical and basal surfaces separated by tight junctions; polarity allows directional secretion, absorption, and interaction with connective tissue.
Explain how connective tissue diversity arises from differences in matrix composition and fiber type.	Variations in ground substance (fluid, gel, solid) and fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular) create functional differences—e.g., bone’s rigid matrix vs. blood’s fluid one.
How do keratinization and melanin production protect the body from environmental damage?	Keratin waterproofs and toughens skin, preventing mechanical and microbial injury; melanin absorbs UV radiation, protecting DNA in skin cells.
What physiological responses occur in the skin during thermoregulation?	When hot: vasodilation and sweat gland activation dissipate heat. When cold: vasoconstriction and arrector pili muscle contraction reduce heat loss.

Created by: mialani

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