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Body parts
Organization of the Body
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical level | The smallest building locks: atoms and molecules (like water, ions, proteins) that form the substances of life. |
| Cellular level | Basic units of life made of organelles and molecules; each cell tupe has a specific function (e.g., neurons, muscle cells) |
| Tissue level | Groups of similar cells working together for a common function. Four primary types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. |
| Organ level | Structures composed ot two or more tissue types that perform specific tasks (e.g., heart, lungs, stomach) |
| Organ system level | Groups of organs that cooperate to accomplish major functions (e.g., digestive, cardiovascular, nervous systems) |
| Homeostasis | The body's dynamic balance that keeps internal conditions within narrow limits (often via negative feedback), enabling all levels above to function properly. |
| Organismal level | The complete living individual where all systems integrate to sustain life- the whole human body |
| Body | Complete physical structure of a living organism-especially a human-composed of cells, tissues, and organs organized into organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis |
| Atom | Smallest unit of matter retaining an element's properties |
| Element | Pure substance made of one kind of atom |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds |
| Compound | Molecule with atoms of different elements |
| Isotope | Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons |
| Ion | Charged atom or molecule (cation +, anion-) |
| Covalent bond | Atoms share electron pairs |
| Polar covalent bond | Unequal sharing creates partial charges |
| Ionic bond | Electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom |
| Hydrophillic | Water-attracting; dissolves in water |
| Hydrophobic | Water-repelling; avoids water |
| Amphipathic | Having both hydrophillic and hydrophobic |
| pH | Measure of hydrogen ion concentration (acidity) |
| Acid | Donates H+ solution |
| Base | Accepts H+ solution |
| Buffer | Resists pH changes by absorbing/releasing H+ |
| Oxidation | Loss of electrons |
| Catalyst | Speeds a reaction without being consumed |
| ATP | Cell's primary energy currency |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane |
| Cellular respiration | Process that extracts energy from nutrients to make ATP (often using O2) |
| Cell membrane | A phospholipid bilayer with proteins that encloses the cell; controls what enters and leaves |
| Membrane proteins | Integral and peripheral proteins that act as channels, carriers, receptors, and enzymes |
| Cytoplasm | All contents inside the membrane except the nucleus; includes cytosol and organelles |
| DNA | Stores hereditary information; organized as chromosomes (genetic material) |
| Tissue | A group of similar cells plus extracellular material performing a function |
| Histology | The study of tissues under the microscope |
| Extracellular matrix | Noncellular scaffold of fibers (collagen, elastin) and ground substance |
| BASEMENT MEMBRANE | Sheet of ECM under epithelia; basal lamina+reticular lamina; anchors cells and filters |
| Epithelial tissue | Continuous sheets covering surfaces and living cavities; avascular; polarized; rests on basement membrane |
| Functions of epithelial tissue | Protection, absorption, secretion, diffusion |
| Shapes/layers | Squamous, cuboidal, columnar; pseudostratified; transitional |
| Connective tissue | Cells+ abundant ECM; supports, connects, stores energy, immune defense |
| Cells of tissue | Fibroplasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells |
| Skin | Largest organ; barrier, sensory, thermoregulation, immune defense, vitamin D synthesis |
| Layers of the skin | Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis |
| Keratinocytes | Main cells; produce keratin; from water barrier via lamellar bodies |
| Melanocytes | Neutral crest-derived; produce melanin in melanosomes; UV protection |
| Langerhans cells | Dendritic immune cells; antigen-presenting |
| Merkel Cells | Tactile epithelial cells; light touch |
| Strata consists of | Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Corneum |
| Hair structure | Follicle, Hair bulb/matrix, shaft, Arrector pili muscle |
| Glands | Eccrine sweat glands, Apocrine sweat glands, sebaceous glands, ceruminous and mammary glands |
| Bone | osseous tissue |
| Osteocyte | Mature bone cell in lacuna; maintains matrix |
| Osteoblast | Bone-forming cell; secretes osteoid |
| Osteoclast | Multinucliated cell; resorbs bone |
| Osteoid | Unmineralized organic bone matrix |
| Collagen Type I | Main organic bone fiber; adds tensile strength |
| Compact (cortical) bone | Dense outer bone layer |
| Spongy bone | Porous bone with trabeculae |
| Trabeculae | Lattice-like spicules in spongy bone |
| Volkmann's canal | Connect central canal transversely |
| Lamellae | Concentric layers of bone matrix |
| Lacunae | Small spaces housing osteocytes |
| Periostenum | Outer fibrous and inner osteogenic membrane |
| Endosteum | Thin lining of inner bone surfaces |
| Bone marrow | Red (hematopoiesis) and yellow (fat) tissue |
| Epiphysis | End of a long bone |
| Diaphysis | Shaft of a long bone |
| Metaphysis | Region between diaphysis and epiphysis |
| Epiphyseal plate/line | Growth cartillage /its adult remnant |
| Articular cartilage | Hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces |
| Hematopoiesis | Blood cell formation in marrow |
| Elastic cartilage | Flexible; ear, epiglottis |
| Fibrocartilage | Tough; intervertebral discs, menisci, pubic symphysis |
| Avascular | No blood vessels; nourished by diffusion |
| Wolff's law | Bone adapts to mechanical load |
Created by:
IrinaKan888