What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy is the study of body structures and their relationships, while physiology focuses on how those structures function to maintain life.

Define the terms “superior” and “inferior.

Superior means above or toward the head; inferior means below or toward the feet.

What are the three main body planes and what do they divide?

Sagittal (left and right), frontal/coronal (front and back), and transverse/horizontal (upper and lower portions).

How do electron shells determine chemical bonding?

Atoms bond to fill their outer electron shells, sharing, losing, or gaining electrons.

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including catabolism (breaking down molecules) and anabolism (building new molecules).

Why is water vital to the human body?

It acts as a solvent, regulates temperature, transports substances, and participates in chemical reactions.

What does pH measure, and what is the normal range for blood?

pH measures hydrogen ion concentration (acidity or alkalinity); normal blood pH is about 7.35–7.45.

What are the three main parts of a cell?

The plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

It regulates what enters and leaves the cell and maintains homeostasis through selective permeability.

How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ?

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream; exocrine glands release substances through ducts (e.g., sweat, saliva).

Name the three types of muscle tissue and where they are found.

Skeletal (attached to bones), cardiac (heart), and smooth (walls of organs and blood vessels).

What are the two main divisions of the skeleton and their functions?

Axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, thorax: supports and protects organs) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles: movement and locomotion).

How do gap junctions benefit cardiac muscle tissue?

They allow electrical impulses to pass rapidly between cells, enabling synchronized contraction of the heart muscle.

What is the role of the nucleus in protein synthesis?

The nucleus houses DNA, which contains the genetic code for making proteins; it directs RNA synthesis, which guides ribosomal translation.

Describe the pH scale and explain what happens when blood pH falls below 7.35.

The pH scale measures hydrogen ion concentration; low blood pH (acidosis) impairs enzyme activity and disrupts homeostasis.

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Ruth Muiruri

Human Anatomy Weeks 1-5

Question	Answer
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?	Anatomy is the study of body structures and their relationships, while physiology focuses on how those structures function to maintain life.
Define the terms “superior” and “inferior.	Superior means above or toward the head; inferior means below or toward the feet.
What are the three main body planes and what do they divide?	Sagittal (left and right), frontal/coronal (front and back), and transverse/horizontal (upper and lower portions).
How do electron shells determine chemical bonding?	Atoms bond to fill their outer electron shells, sharing, losing, or gaining electrons.
What is metabolism?	The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including catabolism (breaking down molecules) and anabolism (building new molecules).
Why is water vital to the human body?	It acts as a solvent, regulates temperature, transports substances, and participates in chemical reactions.
What does pH measure, and what is the normal range for blood?	pH measures hydrogen ion concentration (acidity or alkalinity); normal blood pH is about 7.35–7.45.
What are the three main parts of a cell?	The plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
What is the function of the cell membrane?	It regulates what enters and leaves the cell and maintains homeostasis through selective permeability.
How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ?	Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream; exocrine glands release substances through ducts (e.g., sweat, saliva).
Name the three types of muscle tissue and where they are found.	Skeletal (attached to bones), cardiac (heart), and smooth (walls of organs and blood vessels).
What are the two main divisions of the skeleton and their functions?	Axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, thorax: supports and protects organs) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles: movement and locomotion).
How do gap junctions benefit cardiac muscle tissue?	They allow electrical impulses to pass rapidly between cells, enabling synchronized contraction of the heart muscle.
What is the role of the nucleus in protein synthesis?	The nucleus houses DNA, which contains the genetic code for making proteins; it directs RNA synthesis, which guides ribosomal translation.
Describe the pH scale and explain what happens when blood pH falls below 7.35.	The pH scale measures hydrogen ion concentration; low blood pH (acidosis) impairs enzyme activity and disrupts homeostasis.

Created by: Ruth M

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