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Cindy Guerrero
Unit 2 - Support & Movement
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the major functions of the skeletal system | Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production |
| What are the two major divisions of the skeleton? Give examples of bones in each | Axial (skull, vertebral column, thorax); Appendicular (limbs, girdles) |
| Compare compact bone and spongy bone in structure and function | Compact vs. spongy: Compact = dense, strong; spongy = porous, light, contains red marrow. |
| What are osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes? How do they work together in bone remodeling? | Bone cells: Osteoblasts (build), osteoclasts (break down), osteocytes (maintain) |
| Describe the structure and function of the epiphyseal plate. | Epiphyseal plate: Growth plate; site of lengthwise bone growth in children. |
| What role does calcium play in bone physiology? | Calcium: Strengthens bone; essential for nerve/muscle function; regulated by PTH/calcitonin |
| Name the four major types of bones (by shape) and give an example of each. | Long (femur), short (carpals), flat (skull), irregular (vertebrae) |
| What is the axial skeleton’s role compared to the appendicular skeleton? | Axial = protection; appendicular = movement |
| Which bones form the pelvic girdle, and what is its main function? | Pelvic girdle: Ilium, ischium, pubis; supports trunk and attaches legs. |
| What changes occur in the skeletal system with aging? | Bone mass decreases → osteoporosis risk increases |
| What are the three major types of joints (structural classification)? | Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial. |
| Give examples of synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis joints. | Synarthrosis (skull sutures), amphiarthrosis (pubic symphysis), diarthrosis (knee). |
| Describe the anatomy of a synovial joint (capsule, cavity, cartilage, fluid) | Capsule, cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage |
| Which joint in the body allows the greatest range of motion? | Most mobile joint: Shoulder (glenohumeral joint) |
| Define abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, and rotation. Give an example of each | Abduction = away (arm lift) Adduction = toward (lower arm) Flexion = bend (elbow bend) Extension = straighten (knee extension) Rotation = twist (head side to side) |
| List the three types of muscle tissue and their characteristics. | Skeletal (voluntary, striated), cardiac (involuntary, striated, heart), smooth (involuntary, hollow organs) |
| What is the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction? | Myosin heads bind to actin, pulling filaments past each other → contraction. |
| How do actin, myosin, troponin, and tropomyosin interact during contraction? | Proteins: Actin (thin), myosin (thick), troponin/tropomyosin regulate binding |
| Explain the role of calcium ions and ATP in muscle contraction. | Calcium & ATP: Ca²⁺ exposes actin sites; ATP powers cross-bridge cycling and relaxation |
| Differentiate between isotonic and isometric contractions | Isotonic = muscle shortens/moves load; Isometric = tension without movement. |
| Which type of muscle fibers are best suited for endurance activities? For strength activities? | Slow-twitch (endurance, aerobic), fast-twitch (power, anaerobic) |
| What changes occur in muscle tissue as we age? | Muscle mass/strength decrease (sarcopenia) |
| How do the muscular and skeletal systems work together to enable movement? | Muscles pull on bones to create movement; bones act as levers |
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FlashCards2025