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wildlife ecology
exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lindenmeier site | 11,000 years ago it is a location where there was a shift in tools and weapons that suggests a shift in food source |
| Market hunting era or era of exploitation | 1850-1899 overhunting myth of superabundance extinction of Passenger Pigeons and Carolina Parakeet and almost extinction of Bison |
| Passenger pigeon extinction | capturing in large numbers and logging had very small clutches of eggs (1 egg per clutch) |
| Bison | 30mil to 150 in 30 years the murder was part of an effort to kill and control indigenous people hides were used as machine belts during industrial revolution |
| Carolina parakeet | extinct by 1870 extinct because of habitat destruction, hunting/capture, and mounting them for decoration |
| Preservation Era | (1900-1929) notable people: Theodore Roosevelt, Gifford Pinchot, John Muir the first national wildlife refuge the start of the national park service still had people trying to force indigenous people from their lands |
| john Muir | started the national park service support removal of indigenous people from parks and exploited them |
| Theodore Roosevelt | "the conservation president" established the first forest preserve racist |
| Gifford Pinchot | 1st chief of the US Forest Service (1905) proposed sustainable use of forests eugenist |
| Era of game management "conservation era" | (1930-1965) important people: Aldo Leopold, Ding Darling awareness that people are damaging the environment e.g. the great depression, drought years, and the dust bowl creation of the civilian conservation corps, USDA, NRCS, BLM etc. |
| Aldo Leopold | considered the founder of American wildlife management wrote "game management" in 1933 which wasn't originally well received |
| Ding Darling | used cartoons to show how the environment is being impacted started the duck stamps worked with Leopold on the land acquisition commission part of the beginning of the national wildlife federations |
| Environmental Era | 1966-1984 endangered species act of 1973 national environmental policy act (1970) Environmental Protection Agency Silent spring by Rachel Carson (the devastating effects of DDT) |
| Present Era | Conservation Biology Biodiversity Animal Rights ecosystem managements human dimensions ecosystem services environmental justice |
| Ecosystem management | aka landscape scale or collaborative conservation the relationship of humans on nature and how those interactions are important to consider in conservation |
| Environmental justice | the idea that for some people the environment is not working the way it should. this can be because of culture or socioeconomic class. |
| Game | harvested species includes big game, migratory game birds, small game, furbearers |
| Fish | an aquatic vertebrate that has gills, lacks limbs with digits and lives wholly in the water encompasses 50% of vertebrates |
| Fishery | an exploited population of aquatic animals not limited to just fish another definition is aquatic biota interacting with the environment |
| Why fish | 2.6 billion people rely on fish for protein 200 billion pounds of fish harvested per year 200 million jobs connected to fisheries $100 billion spent on recreational fishing per year |
| Goals of fisheries | gathering and applying knowledge to achieve objectives sustainable use conservation of biodiversity human health |
| Active sampling (fish) | actively searching and collecting fish purse seining beach seining trawling electrofishing hook and line sampling |
| Passive sampling (fish) | set it and wait gill nets trap net long lines, pots and traps |
| Non-capture (fish) | Visual methods sonar, stationary cameras and observers, moving observvers, creel survey |
| Aging a fish | scales (looking at growth rings), spines, otoliths, dna |
| Marking and tagging fish | otolith marking (in the skin) batch marking (uses code wire tags) |
| Big Game | large species that are harvested like elk, deer, and bears o Hunting- it can be a polarizing topic, a management tool, and a form of recreation o Deer account for most big game harvested |
| Big Game management | Over-populated in areas without hunting (Can cause over browsing Increase in disease Eg. Cronic wasting disease Car collisions) $$ spent to see elk/wildlife in parks etc $$ spent on hunting and related recreation |
| Furbearers | any mammal that is/was traditionally trapped or hunted for their fur - The laws very a lot across the states - Complexities o Urban interface o Ecosystem engineers |
| ecosystem engineers | - Species the physically alter their habitat in such a way that other species and systems are altered, improved or impacted - Examples; beaver, coral, forests, woodpeckers, prairie dogs, humans |
| umbrella species | o talked about from a management perspective o species with a large area requirement and the space they utilize has a conservation impact on other species o the way they use their environment has effects on a lot of other species |
| Keystone species | o More of a conseration perspective o In the area they utilize they play a critical role in the ecosystem and help determine community structure o If they are removed there will be trophic cascade o Ecological role |
| Migratory game birds | - Migratory bird treaty act (1918) o Federal regulation – internal relations - Waterfowl, geese, cranes, snipe, Sandhill cranes o Mostly protected o Staging area along the South Platte o No hunting - Migration routes/ Flyways o related to waterfowl |
| Small game and upland birds | - Birds and other mammals that don’t fit into any of the other categories - E.g. rabbits and squirrels - E.g. upland game birds ( non-water birds) o Gunnison sage grouse, quail |
| Habitat management complexities of small game | - edge/transition habitats o moving from one type of a habitat to another o can be overlap of different species greater diversity of species “Small game is a phenomenon of the edges” Aldo leoplod |
| Grey zone - unprotected species | - Non-natives - Many insects are treated this way - “pests" - Prairie dogs are considered a pest species by a lot of people o But a 98% decline in population led to a proposal to list them as federally threatened The protection was denied |
| Non-game threatened and endangered species | - E.g, black-footed ferret, whooping crane etc. - Under federal protection - Have recovery plans - Constant monitoring - Reevaluation every five years |
| Non game 2 watchable wildlife | - Millions of people engage - Non-consumptive? - Most species - Management - Millions of $$ |
| Lacy act (1900) | o First federal law protecting wildlife o Amendment in 2008 that provided protection for plants and plant products o USFWS (US fish and Wildlife) enforces the lacy act |
| take of wildlife | o Means any conduct that is harming, killing, or destroying wildlife Can include habitat modification or degradation |
| Migratory bird treaty act (1918) | o Enforced by USFWS o Trying to put an end to market hunting o No one can hunt, posses, sell etc a migratory bird without a specific permit o Russia, Canada, us, Japan, China, Mexico have signed on to this act |
| Pittman-Robertson Federal Aid in wildlife restoration Act | o 1937 o Provides funding for the restoration of wild birds and mammals ant to acquire, develop and manage their habitats o USFWS o Excise tax on hunting stuff |
| Bald and Golden Eagle protection act | o Gold eagles were added in later o USFWS o 1940 o Prevent the take of bald eagles in every way |
| Dingell-Johson Federal Aid in sport fish restoration act | o 1950 o Modeled after Pittman-Robertson act o Excise tax on fishing equipment o USFWS |
| National environmental policy act (NEPA) 1970 | o All branches of gov consider environment prior to doing major federal action that significantly affects the environment o Enforced by EPA o Have to write environmental impact statements Include possible adverse impacts, alternatives, and mitigation |
| Marine Mammal Protection Act | o 1972 o Prohibits with certain exceptions the take of marine mammals o Enforced by National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and USFWS o Has a loophole for accidental bycatch |
| CITES (convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora) | o Drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1962 at a international union fir the conservation of nature IUCN) agreement reached in 1973 o An international agreement between governements o Ensures international trade doesn’t threaten the species |
| IUCN Red list | o Catalogue and highlights species that are facing a higher risk of global extinction |
| 1973 Endangered species act | o Allows for protection for all species except non-natives and pest species o Protects habitats as well as species o Enforced by USFWS and NMFS and (department of the interior (DOI), NOAA and Dept. of commerce) o Signed by Nixon o bipartisan support |
| 3 phases of conserving endangered species | o Identification o Protection o Recovery |
| Criteria for listing | o Present or threatened destruction of habitat or range o Over utilization o Declining bc disease/predation o Inadequacy for existing regulatory mechanisms o Other factors o Anyone can petition for a species to be listed |
| Candidate species | o Warrant listing but are precluded by other things o Can be because of funding, more important animals, human wildlife conflicts |
| What can be listed in the environmental protection act? | o Everything except for pest insects o In the case of vertebrates only, distinct sub-populations can be protected |
| Critical habitat designations | o Controversy and confusion o includes areas not currently occupied by species but have before or in the future o Low priority designation because that time and energy is better spent putting specific species on the list Can harm public sentiment |
| Goals of listing a species in EPA | o Reduce or eliminate threats o Restore self-sustaining wild populations o Remove species from the list This is hard to do |
| Delisting | o Identified in recovery plan o Federal register notice published and public comment sought on proposal to delist o Monitored for five more years |
| Recovery plans | o Developed with stakeholders o Identify recovery stratagies, tasks, and partners o Establish delisting/downlisting criteria o Provide timetable and cost estimate o Can address multiple species |
| Consultations | o federal agencies consult USFWS if action will affect a listed species or habitat o Private individuals may also have to if they need a federal permit or funding o Two actions types not likely to have an adverse effect may adversely effect |
| Private landowner agreements | o Exceptions including permits o Safe harbor agreements (SHAs o Habitat conservation plans (HCPs o Candidate conservation agreements with assurances CCAAs o Conservation banking |
| Penalties and enforcement | o Civil penalties (25,000 per violation) o Criminal penalties (up to 50,000 and or a year in prison per violation) o Can be considered to high or to low |
| Greenback cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) | - CO’s state fish - Groups are schools or shoals - Thought to be extinct in 1937 but found in the 1950s - State and federally listed as a threatened species |
| Non-invasive techniques | - Observation - Camera traps - Hair snares - Track plates - Scat - Acoustics - Radar - eDNA - Drones |
| Food habits | - Scat analysis o Species, food/moisture, disease, DNA, season, habitat conditions - Stomach analysis - Behavioral observation o Bite counts o Audio collars |
| Acoustics | - Species - Location - Behavior o Aggression/territory, mating, distress, feeding - Estimate numbers |
| - Gastric lavage | o Used for food habits/diet analysis o Flushes out stomach contents |
| Trapping | o Snap traps (mouse traps) o Sherman live traps o Havahart traps o Drift fence for herptiles o Funnel traps for snakes o Corral traps o Clover traps |
| Free/Ground darting | Safe with a low mortality risk Little to no stress for the animal Time consuming Inefficient Must approach animals Cannot use with elusive animals |
| Helicopter darting/netting | Really dangerous Very expensive Stressful Can capture elusive animals Highly efficient |
| Netting | o Net guns- for large birds and mammals o Drop nets o Mist netting – for birds and bats Very fine nets animals get tangled |
| Insect sampling | - Different rules apply - Pitfall traps - Sweep nets - Beat sheet - Aspirator - Berlese funnel - D frame nets |
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